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T 

335 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Cliap........ Copyright No. 

ShelLUlil^ 



4^5^ 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



V 




AMERICAN PATENT AGENCY. (HOME OFFICE.^ 

O. J. BATLEY, Manager, 73 W. Fifth St., CINCINNATI. O. 
This entire building except store room is occupied by us. 



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^'"ciau^ti, 0^^°- 



HE 



"nyentor's Manual 



How TO Procure ai^jd Sell Patents. 



Containing Practical Suggestions for the Benefit of 
Inventors and Patentees, 



— TOGETHER WITH 



Valuable Tables of Useful Information for All Trades and Professions. 




Copyrighted 1879. 
• " 1895. 




/^nj 



Ctf^ \ 



PUBLISHED BY 

AMERICAN PATENT AGENCY, 

No. 73 WEST FIFTH STREET, 
CINCINNATI, O. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 
Reasons Why Inventors Should Procure their Pat- 
ents Through the American Patent Agency 1 

Correspondents : : 1 

PATENT SOLICITING DEPAKTMENT . 

Explanatory— Our Facilities, Rules, Etc 2 

Business Confidential 2 

Contingent Fees 2 

Preparations of Claims 2 

Models, Etc 2 

Description of Your Device 2 

Our Facilities 2 

Guarantees, Etc 3 

Preliminary Examinations 3 

Free Advertisements 3 

Washington Associate 3 

Consulting Experts 3 

Broad Claims ^. 4 

Classes and Subjects 4 

Agricultural 4 

Metallurgy and Metal Working 4 

Arms, Projectiles and Navy Appliances 4 

Engineering 4 

Milling 4 

Electricity 4 

Mechanical Devices 4 

Railway Appliances, Etc 5 

Hydraulics 6 

Pneumatics 5 

Chemistry 5 

Who May Obtain a Patent 5 

Joint Inventors 5 

What Will Bar a Patent 5 

What Constitutes Invention 5 

Instructions— Mode of Proceeding to Obtain a Pat- 
ent 6 

The Application— Cost ti 

Model Requirements fi 

Drawings 7 

The Specification 7 

The Claims 8 

Caveats 8 

Patents for Designs , 8 

Proceedings for Design Patents 9 

Trade Marks 9 

Term of Trade Mark 9 

Interferences 9 

Reissues 10 

Importance of Reissues 10 

Disclaimers H 

Appeals 11 

Registration of Prints and Labels 11 

Copyrights 12 

Canadian Patents 12 

Term of Canadian Patents 13 

Application for Canadian Patents 13 

Manufacturing Patents in Canada 13 

Cost of Canadian Patent 13 

Application After Issue of Foreign Patent 13 

Piovisional Protection 13 

Expiry with Foreign Patents 13 

ShipmQ,nt of Models 13 

Foreign Patents 14 

American Inventions Abroad 14 

Charges for Applications 14 

Great Britaiij 14 

France and Algeria , 14 

Belgium 14 

Austria and Hungary 14 

Germany 15 

Italy 15 

Russia 15 

Spain 15 

Denmark and Iceland 15 

Sweden 15 

Norway 15 

Portugal and Colonies 15 

British India 15 

Greece 15 

Mexico 16 

Switzerland 16 

New Zealand 16 



Page. 

Victoria 16 

New South Wales 16 

Queensland 16 

South Australia.. 16 

Western Australia 16 

Tasmania 16 

Summary of United States Patent Fees and Attor- 
ney's Fees 16 

Rules Governing Patents Which Every Applicant 
Should Know 17 

Note on Foreign Applications 18 

PATENT selling DEPARTMENT. 

Sales Department 19 

Legitimate Agencies 19 

Investigating Patent Brokers 20 

Selection of Patents 20 

High Estimates by Agencies 20 

Age of Patents 21 

Straightforward Representatian 21 

The Cause of Prejudice Against Patents 21 

The First Step 21 

WhatShall Be Done with the Patent? 21 

Management 21 

Inducing Capitalists 22 

How Value is Produced 22 

The Value of Patents 22 

How to Gain Publicity 22 

The Surest Way to Proceed 22 

How to Sell Patents , 23 

Energy Required 23 

Inventors Not Salesmen 23 

Professional Advisers 23 

Unprofitable Advice 24 

Inexperienced Inventors 24 

Characteristics of Salesmen 24 

Inventing and Selling 24 

Poor Inventors 25 

New Patents Most Valuable 25 

Age Impairs Value 25 

Location Important 25 

County Rights 25 

Personal Solicitation Most Eff'ective 25 

Reliable Salesmen 25 

Suggestions as to Price*. 26 

TimeRequired 26 

Power of Attorney 26 

Our Terms for Undertaking the Sale of Patents 26 

Commission on Sales : 27 

Mode of Procedure 27 

Models 27 

Suggestions for Transacting Business 28 

Guides for Estimating the Value of Patents 28 

Table Upon Which to Base Estimates 29 

Cincinnati as a Patent Center 30 

Patent Forms , ,S2 

Assignment of Entire Interest Before Issue of the 

Patent 32 

Assignment of Entire Interest in Letters Patent... 33 
Assignment of Undivided Interest in Letters Pat- 
ent 33 

Assignment of Territorial Interest After Grant of 

Patent 33 

License— Shop Right 34 

License— Not Exclusive— With Royalty 34 

Transfer of a Trade Mark 34 

Prices for Printed Patent Blanks 34 

Engravings 35 

Testimonials 35 

State Laws Regulating Stock Companies 37 

Insignificant Origin of Great Works 39 

Chronological History of Discovery and Progress... 40 

Valuable Information 41 

Business Laws in Brief 41 

Valueof Foreign Money on a Gold Basis 41 

Tables of Weightsand Measures 41 

The Metric System of Weights and Measures 42 

Quantity of Seed Required to Plant an Acre 43 

Scientific Items of Interest 43 

How to Remove Tin from Copper Vessels 43 

Names and Addresses of Parties for Whom this 
Agency Has Lately Procured Patents 44 






EEASOStS WHY IKVEKTOES 

SHOULD PROCURE THEIR PATENTS 

— THROUGH THE — 

American Patent Agency. 

1. The location of the Home Office is central, and it has, in addition, an Associ- 
ate Office in Washington, by means of which the business is personally attended to 
before the Patent Office. 

2. This Agency employs only experienced solicitors and draughtsmen to prepare 
cases; the gentleman having charge of the Soliciting Department is an attorney of 
raany years' practice before the Office. 

3. It has a complete record of all patents issued, from the inception of the Pat- 
ent Office, showing the state of the art in any class, for aid in raaking preliminary 
examinations and in preparing new cases. 

4. It publishes in the columns of The Wokld's Pbogbess a full description of 
patents obtained through this Agency, free of charge, when desired by the patentee 

5. It makes no additional charge for preliminary examination; and in no case 
will charges for extras be demanded, however arduous the labor, except in cases of 
appeal. 

6.. It renders the best service for the most moderate fees, and does not claim to 
have facilities at the Patent Office other than are possessed by all reliable firms. 

7. We employ a staff of consultants in the various branches of art and science, 
in order to give our clients the benefit of the best talent in preparing applications for 
patents. 

8. It has a Special Department — the largest in this country — for the introduc- 
tion and sale of patents, and has in its charge over forty branch offices located in the 
principal cities of the Union, besides hundreds of corresponding agents who are 
ready to take charge of any business assigned to them. 

CORRESPONDENTS 
Should bear in mind that we are always ready and willing to answer inquiries re- 
lating to inventions and patents. For this we make no charge ; but we are frequently 
called upon to devote time and labor on communications which are supposed to be 
of benefit to our correspondents only. The simple matter of courtesy dictates that 
at least a stamp should be inclosed for return answer, and we are compelled, here- 
after, to notice only such correspondents as recognize in some degree the value of 
our time. 

PLEHSE NOTICE. 
There are numbers of inventors and patentees who, regardless of our advertised 
terms and methods of doing business, keep sending offers of interest in their patents 
to place them on the market, or interest in their ideas to procure a patent, and who 
also propose to pay the printing bills, etc., out of the first sale, paying no attention 
to our oft repeated declaration that we will in no case deviate from our terms. We 
would respectfully notify all concerned that we have no time nor disposition to at- 
tend to such correspondence, and we therefore notify patentees generally that it is 
useless to trouble us with their models or correspondence unless they are willing and 
prepared to do business with us according to our terms as submitted, which are 
equitable and based upon business principles. 

(1) 



THE inventor's MANUAL. 



EXPLANATORY. 



OUR FACILITIES, RULES, ETC. 
Business (EonftbenttaL 

All business will be strictly confidential, and every case receive prompt attention. 

<Loniinq,eni ^^es. 

"We do not conduct business on the contingent^ — no patent , no pay — plan. Two Com- 
missioners of Patents have inveighed against the system as a most pernicious one, 
both to the Office and to inventors. The most deplorable eflEects, however, are felt 
by inventors, because the primary object of the solicitor who adopts that plan is to 
get his fee as soon as possible, and in order to do this he has every inducement to 
draw the claims without regard to strength, so that they will readily pass the exam- 
iner. Thousands of worthless patents have been issued because the claims were 
inadequate. The attorney who is paid for his services without depending on con- 
tingencies feels in duty bound to render efficient work, and when coupled with the 
proviso that his fee is fixed, the inventor has a guarantee, and the attorney a satis- 
faction, which no other system affords. 

preparation of Claims. 

The work required to prepare a patent application is trivial compared with the 
work often necessary to prosecute it after filing it in the Patent Office. It frequently 
happens that the drawings and papers can be prepared within an hour or two, but 
the subsequent work, in watching it through every stage in the Office, and in seeing 
justice done to our client, will make up for the ease with which the case is prepared. 
To secure strong, equitable claims is the duty of the honorable attorney, and not to 
push it through in the shortest time. One-half of the worthless patented claims to- 
day are the result of eagerness on the part of attorney or patentee to secure the pat- 
ent. A claim can be worded so as to mean nothing at all, or to embrace a combina- 
tion which conveys no security to the patentee. Such claims usually result where 
no other object is sought for on the part of the attorney but the patent — and his fees. 
A few dollars more paid to a competent attorney than to a poor one, may mean thou- 
sands of dollars additional value when your patent is issued. 

ZHobels, €tc. 

The Patent Office will not receive models unless specially demanded by the Exam- 
iner. We prefer, however, where it can be done, to prepare our documents from a 
model, unless a clear and intelligible drawing or sketch Can be furnished. We aim 
to do thorough and conscientious- work, and we want every facility that you can 
afford in intrusting us with your case. 

Descriptions of rjour l^zvxcz. 

You should always give us a clear and comprehensive statement of your device and 
its operation ; we are not particular as to grammar, spelling or chirography ; we want 
the facts. Our specifications will be so clear and broad that no fault can attach to 
them. We pride ourselves on this feature. 

(Dur 5<5cilities. 

Our corps of competent specialists, in preparing Specifications, gives us an advantage, 
from the fact that it enables us to place special cases in the hands of men who are pai*- 



THE inventor's manual* 3 

ticularly adapted for the work. Our ne-vv system of consultants is but an enlarge- 
ment of the plan practiced by us in the past. Indeed, it is generally conceded that 
the specialty plan is growing to be more and more a necessity each year, and our sys- 
tem of uniting under one management the various branches, has every element of 
strength, and is adapted to the true spirit of i^rogress. 

Guarantees, ^tc. 

The question is frequently asked, ''Do you guarantee a patent?" We answer, "No." 
If inventors want the kind of patents which come to them through guarantees, they 
must apply to those who have no reputation at stake and have no desire to render 
full, complete and honorable service. Furthermore, no attorney can guarantee a pat- 
ent, any more than he could guarantee a legal decision. 

PrelimtnarY €ramtnattons. 

In uncrowded classes our fee is $5.00. Years ago, when the number of patents was 
small, an attorney could well afford to charge only $5.00 for making a preliminary 
search to ascertain whether a device was patentable or not; but the immense num- 
ber of patents now makes it absolutely impossible for any man to do justice to many 
of the subjects for that fee. The mere fact that numerous cases submitted would re- 
quire a critical examination of from two to four thousand patents, must convince any 
one that a person who will agree to conduct the preliminary examination of any 
and all cases for $5.00 each should be looked on with suspicion. It is true that $5.00 
is an ample fee for many subjects, but in this particular, as in all others, our clients 
will know, BEFORE WE PROCEED, what the cost will be for such service if a search is 
requested. 

^v^^ ^Ibnertisemcnts. 

We have made it a rule to give a description free of charge in The World's 
Progress of all patents procured by us, when the patentee desires it. The World's 
Progress has a very large circulation, and being connected with our Department 
for the sale of Patents, enables you to reach the very men desired to effect sales, or 
manufacturers who are looking for improvements. We can say, unhesitatingly, that 
the advantages thus offered cannot be equaled by any other firm in the country. 

IDaslitngton dissociate. 

The constant increase in our business has necessitated the enlargement of our office 
facilities in Washington, and a removal was consequently made to our present quar- 
ters, within half a square of the Patent Office. Every case requires personal atten- 
tion before the examiner. Mr. L. Deane, who has charge of the Washington office, 
was for twelve years an Examiner in the Patent Office, and is well known as a lead- 
ing j)atent attorney, and competent in every resjDect. 

dousulttng €rperts. 

The profession of patent soliciting has gradually grown to be a most important one 
in this country. Although it has always been dignified as a specialty requiring more 
than the ordinary tact, ability and particular training, the multiplicity of inven- 
tions, the wide scope ot the subjects, and the intricate nature of many of the classes 
in the Patent Office, render it impossible for any man to be fully informed in all 
branches. 

In common with other practitioners, we have appreciated the need of consult- 
ants in order to give our clients the best results possible, and to attain this end we 
have secured the services of gentlemen, eminent in their profession, to whom we 
will submit all intricate or important questions during the progress -of cases in the 
Patent Office. 



4 THE inventor's manual. 

The importance of this cannot be overestimated. It frequently occurs that tech- 
nical and scientific points are raised by the examiner which require careful and 
elaborate briefs to overcome, and while we claim to have the experience and knowl- 
edge, and a vaj-ied staff of assistants equal to any other firm in the country, we are 
not arrogant enough to claim thorough scientific erudition in every department of 
art and science. In the employment of these gentleinen we shall exact no extra 
compensation from our clients, as our extended business amply justifies the outlay. 

Broab (Elatms. 

The great and growing need of the inventor of to-day is careful, honest and consci- 
entious work in the preparation and prosecution of applications for patents. The 
specifications should be accurate and full, and the claims broad and well defined. 
Our system enables this to be done in a comprehensive manner, so that the results 
will not only be a matter of pride to us, but a lasting service to our clients. 

CLASSES AND SUBJECTS. 

In order that you may see the broad scope of the subjects that we have taken 
special pains to cover, we append the following list: 

^IgrtcuIturaL 

Including harrows, plows, seeders and planters, harvesters, thrashers, dairy, trees, 
plants, flowers, fences, live stock, bee culture. 

^HetallurgY cinb ZHetal IDorfing. 

Including coating with metal, tempering, annealing, cementation, naetal bending 
and straightening, bolts, nuts, screws, rivets, boring and drilling, metal rolling, tools 
and implements, tubing and wire, turning, planing and milling, nails and spikes, 
needles, pins, metal punching and shearing, wagon, car and track irons, metal 
founding, sheet metal ware, metal working tools, nut and bolt locks. 

^rms, Projectiles anb Hacy 2lppltances. • 

Including fire arms, bombs, cartridges, torpedoes, primers, rockets, shells, ordnance, 
ships, boats, marine propulsion, packing and storing vessels, signals, explosives. 

Engineering. 

Including bridges, carpentry, excavating, rnasonry, railways, roofing. 

milling. 

Including purifiers, bolting machines, grinders, crushers, rolls, millstones and ap- 
pliances, coal and ore breakers, sifters, screens, grain scourers. 

€IectricitY. 

Including alarms, batteries, brakes, conductors, cut outs, electric lights, magnets, 
coils, key's, lightning rods, meters, registers, recorders, switches, switch boards, tele- 
graphs, telephonic appliances, underground lines, electrical clocks, gas lighting, 
poles, therapeutics, thermostats. 

ZHecl^anical Devices. 

Including motors, mechanical powers, presses, paper making, book binding, paper 
manufactures, air and gas engines, fluid pressure regulators, injectors dnd ejectors, 
steam pumps, boilers, boiler furnaces, valves, elevators, locks and latches, safes, 
spinning, weaving, coopering, stone working, wheelwright machines, wood sawing, 
turning and working, laundry devices, measuring instruments, wind wheels, driers. 



THE INVENTOR S MANUAL. D 

'Railway 21ppltances, €tc. 

Including axles and boxes, lubricators, brakes, car couplings, draw bars, locomotives, 
platforms, trucks, wheels, buffers, chairs, crossings, frogs, rails, switches, tracks, 
snow plows, traction grippers, transfer tables, turn tables, car refrigerators. 

^ybtanlics. 

Including hydraulic, mechanical, mercurial and rotary air pumps, accumulators, 
compressed air, water elevators, double acting drainage and force pumps, lift and 
oil pumps, sand and ship pumps, windlass water elevators. 

Pneumatics. 

Including aerial navigation, bellows, blow pipes, chimneys and cowls, fan attach- 
ments, sand blowers, ventilation as applied to cars, houses, grain and mines. 

ChemistrY. 

Including mineral acids, carbon, compounds, distilling wood, fire extinguisliing com- 
pounds, incandescents, metalloids, packing chemicals, purifying water, salines, etc. 



WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 



Any person, whether citizen or alien, being the original and first inventor or dis- 
coverer of any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, 
or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent for his invention 
or discovery, subject to the conditions hereinafter named. 

3oint 3Tit)entors. 

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim one separately; but 
the independent inventors of separate and independent improvements in the same 
machine can not obtain a joint patent for their separate inventioiis, nor does the fact 
that one man furnishes the capital and the other makes the invention entitle them 
to make application as joint inventors. 

VOl^ai rOill Bar a paitnt 

A patent will not be granted to an applicant if what he claims as new lias been, be- 
fore his invention, patented or described in any printed publication in this or any 
foreign country, nor if it has been in public use or on sale more than two years pre- 
vious to his application. 

IPbat (Eonstttutes 3Ttr)entton. 

Merely conceiving tlie idea of an improvement or machine is not an "invention" or 
"discovery." The invention must have been reduced to a practical form, either by 
the constft-uction of the machine itself, or by such disclosure of its exact character 
that a mechanic, or one skilled in the art to which it relates, can and does construct 
the improvement, before it will prevent a subsequent inventor from obtaining a 
patent. 



THE inventor's manual. 

INSTRUCTIONS. 



MODE OF PROCEEDING TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 

The question that naturally arises in the mind of evei'y inventor, as soon as an 
invention is completed, is: "Can I obtain a patent?" To ascertain this, by at once 
making an application and paying the required fees, will, in many cases, subject the 
applicant to needless expense which could have been ob riated by an investigation 
I)rior to taking the final steps. To ascertain -v^hether the device is patentable, we 
will institute, at tlie request of the inventor, a prelbninary examination of the rec- 
ords of tlie Patent Office, provided the invention has not already been the subject of 
so many patents as to make it absolutely impossible to perform the work for the cus- 
tomary fee. To do this, it is necessary for us to have either a model or a rough 
sketch or drawing, and a description of the invention and $5, the cost for making such 
search. If it is found that the invention is not anticipated by a prior patent, the ij^o 
thus paid will be regarded as part of our fee in preparing the apiDlication for a 
patent. 

If we find tliat a patent -exists for a similar device, the inventor will be so in- 
formed, and such suggestions given as will enable the inventor to procure a patent 
for the parts found to be new and valuable. 

As a general thing, this examination will enable us to give a pretty correct idea 
of the patentability of the article. But in some instances a caveat may have been 
filed, which is a confidential communication to tlie Patent Office, and hence not 
known by any one outside of the officials connected with the Department. There 
are also cases where a similar device lias been rejected, or a similar invention has 
been publicly advertised or described i'n some printed iDublication. But tliis exam- 
ination has reference only to the Patent Office recoi'ds. 

Cl^e 2lppUcation — Cost. 

If, on examination, the invention is found to be patentable, the inventor is notified, 
and requested to forward the first installment of $15. On receipt of this we prepare 
the papers and forward them to you for signature. When you receive the papers, 
examine them carefully, sign and acknowledge before a notary public, and return to 
us with $20 more. In case no preliminary has been made, you must remit $25, in- 
stead of $20, on tlie second installment. The last Govei'nment fe6 of $20 is not due 
until the patent is allowed, and after allowance you have six months' time in which 
to pay it. 

In complex cases our fee will be more than $25, but you will in all cases be noti- 
fied, when we take tlie case, what our fee will be. 

ZHob^I Requirements. 

A working model is always desirable for our own use, to enable us to fully and 
readily Understand the precise operation of the machine. Models are not now re- 
quired by the Office, but the Examiner may, at any time during the progress of the 
case, demand one. In such cases the model sent us will be used. Should the Office 
proceed without requiring a model, the one sent us Avill be held subject to your order. 
To prevent loss, the model or specimen should always have the name of the inventor 
permanently fixed thereon. 

When the invention or discovery is a composition of matter, the applicant, if le- 
quired by the Commissioner, shall furnish specimens of ingredients and of the com- 
position sufficient in quantity for the purpose of exi^eriment. In all cases, where 
the iiroduction is not perishable, a specimen jiut ujf in form, so as to be preserved by 



THE INVENTOR S MANUAL. / 

the Office, should he filed. Ordinary, well known ingredients need not be furnished, 
unless the Office disjiutes their operation in the manner as stated by applicant. 

Praisings. 

The applicant for a patent is required by. law to furnish a drawing of his invention, 
where the nature of the case admits of it. This we prepare. 

The Patent Office reproduces from this three several editions of patent drawings 
which are printed and published — one for Office use, certified copies, etc., of the size 
and'character of those attached to patents, the work being about six by nine and a 
half inches; one reduced to half that scale, or one-fourth the surface, of which four 
will be printed on a page to illustrate the volumes distributed to the courts, etc. ; 
and one reduction — to about the same scale — of a selected portion of each drawings, 
to illustrate the Official Gazette. 

This work is done by the photo-lithographic or other analogous process, and 
therefore the cliaracter of each original drawing must be brought as nearly as possi- 
ble to a uniform standard of excellence, suited to the requirements of the process, 
and calculated to give the best results in the interests of inventors, of the Office and 
of the public generally. 

The size of a sheet on which a drawing is made should be exactly ten by fifteen 
inches. One inch from its edges a single marginal line is to be drawn, leaving the 
'"sight" iDrecisely eight by thirteen inches. 

All drawings must be made with the pen only, using the blackest India ink. 
Every line and letter (signatures included) must be absolutely black. This di- 
rection applies to all lines, however fine, to shading, and to lines representing cut 
surfaces in sections. 

The greatest care is necessary in the preparation of these drawings, and the Pat- 
ent Office requires that they be executed in the highest style of the art. We employ 
only experienced draughtsmen to perform this work. 

Cl^e Specification. 

By far the most important part of the application is the specification, which is a 
written description of the invention or discovery, and of the manner and process of 
making, constructing, compounding and using the same, and is required to be in 
such full, clear, concise and exact terms, avoiding unnecessary prolixity, as to en- 
able any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it 
is most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound and use the same. It must 
be followed by a specific and well defined claim of the part, improvement or combi- 
nation which the applicant regards as his invention or discovery. In all applica- 
tions for patents upon mere improvements, the specification must particularly point 
out the part or parts to which the improvement relates, and must, by explicit lan- 
guage, distinguish between what is old and what is claimed as the improvement, so 
that the Office and the public may understand exactly for what the patent is granted ; 
and in such cases the description and the drawings, as well as the claims, should be 
confined to the specific improvement and such parts are necessarily co-operate 
with it. The specification must be signed by the inventor, or by his executor or 
iidministrator, and attested by two witnesses. Full names must be given, legibly 
written. 

In the preparation of these papers no one is qualified unless he has made it a 
study for years. Not only should an attorney be well versed in law, but it is indis- 
pensable that he should have a thorough training in physics, and be, in addition, 
fully posted in the advancement of art and science. It is too often the case that in- 
ventors find to their great loss that experience in the preparation of these papers is 
essential. The description must be accurate, but not elaborate, and here it is that 
so many fail to convey the full gist of the invention, or omit entirely the most im- 
jjortant features. 



8 THE inventor's manual. 

Cl^e Claims. 

It is in the drafting of claims that the highest order of legal and scientific analysis 
is required. The claims may be termed the pivot upon which the wliole title or right 
to a patent hinges, and if they are defective tlie patent is worthless. Tlie mere pos- 
session of tlie patent papers is valueless in case of infringement if the claims are 
worthless. It must not be too broad, nor should it otiiit that to whicli the inventor 
is really entitled. But not alone in this respect must care be exercised. The exact 
quantity may be stated in a claim, but in such obscure or uncertain language as to 
defeat its own purpose ; or it raay, by careless construction, fail to embody even all 
the elements that are named. This care and ingenuity cannot be attained except by 
experience, and we therefore deem it important to allow no one but the most expe- 
rienced to draw these claims. 



CAVEATS. 



Any citizen of the United States, or alien, who has resided for one year last past in 
the United States, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen thereof, 
can file a caveat in the secret archives of tlie Patent Office, and if, at any time, 
within one year thereafter, another person applies for a patent with which such ca- 
veat would in any manner interfere, such application will be suspended, and notice 
thereof will be sent to tlie pei'son filing the caveat, who, if he shall file a complete 
application within the prescribed time, will be entitled to an interference witlTi tlie 
previous application, for the purpose of proving priority of invention, and obtaining 
the patent, if he be adjudged the prior inventor. A caveat need not contain as par- 
ticular a description of the invention as is requisite in a specification; but still it 
must set forth a design of the invention and tlie distinguishijig cliaracteristics tliere- 
of, and the description should be sufficiently precise to enable the Office to judge 
whether there is a probable interference when a subsequent application is filed. 

No MODEL IS REQUIRED, and it is only necessary that the inventor sliould for- 
ward to us a rough sketch, witli a description, in his own language, of its operation, 
together with $25, the amount in full, of which $10 is the Governmeat fee and $15 our 
fee for preparing the papers and drawings. Tlie caveat is good for one year, and can 
be renewed on payment of the Government fee. 



PATENTS FOR DESIGNS. 



A patent for a design may be granted to any person, Avho, by his own industry,, 
genius, efforts and expense, has invented or produced any new and original design 
for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; and new and original dn- 
sign for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics; any new and original 
impression, ornament, pattern, print or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or oth- 
erwise placed on or worked into any articles of manufacture; or any new, useful aiul 
original shape or configuration of any article of maitufacture, the same not having 



THE inventor's manual. 9 

been known or used by others before his invention or production thereof, or patented 
or described in any printed publication, upon payment of the duty required by law, 
and other due proceedings had, the same as in cases of inventions or discoveries. 
These patents are granted for the term of three and one-half years, or for seven years, 
or for fourteen years, as the applicant may, in his application, elect. 

-proceeMngs for Design Patents. 

Are the same as for applications for patents. The specification must point out the 
characteristic features of the design, and the claims must be distinct and specific. 
The design can be sufficiently represented by drawings or photographs, of which we 
must have twelve copies unmounted, which should not be more than seven and one- 
half by eleven inches in size. The Government fees for design patents are as follows : 
For three and one-half years, $10; seven years, $15; fourteen years, $30. Our fee in 
either case would be $15. 



TRADE MARKS. 



Any person or firm domiciled in the United States, and any person, firm or corpo- 
ration resident of or located in any foreign country which, by treaty or convention, 
affords similar privileges to citizens of the United States, may obtain a trade mark 
under the law of March 3, 1881. To obtain such trade mark patent we require the 
following : 

1. The names of the parties and their residences and places of business. 

2. The class of merchandise and the particular description of goods comprised in 
such class, by which the trade mark has been or is intended to be appropriated. 

3. A description of the trade mark itself, with fac-similes thereof, and the mode 
in which it has been or is intended to be applied and used. 

4. The length of time, if any, during which the trade mark has been used. 

6. A Government fee of $25 is required on filing each application. Our fee is $15 
—$40 in all. 

Cerm of Crabe mart 

The protection for such trade mark will remain in force for thirty years, and may, 
upon the payment of a second fee, be renewed for thirty years longer, except in cases 
where »uch trade mark is claimed for and applied to articles not manufactured in this 
country, and in which it receives protection under the laws of any foreign country for 
a shorter period, in which case it shall cease to have force in this country, by virtue 
of the registration, at the same time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere. 

The right to the use of any trade mark is assignable by any instrument of writing, 
and such assignment must be recorded in the Patent Office within sixty days after its 
execution, in default of which it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or 
mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice. The fees will be the same as 
are prescribed for recording assignments of patents. 



INTERFERENCES. 



An "interference" is a proceeding instituted for the purpose of determining the 
question of priority of invention between two or more parties claiming the same pat- 
entable subject matter. 



10 THE inventor's manual. 

An interference will be declared in the following cases: 

1. When two or more parties have applications pending before the Office at the 
same time, and their respective claims conflict in whole or in part. 

2. When two or more applications are pending at the some time, in each of which 
a like patentable invention is shown or described, and claimed in one, though not 
specifically claimed in all of them. 

3. When an applicant, having been rejected upon any unexpired patent, claims 
to have made the invention before the patentee. 

Where a preliininary interference is declared on matter shown but not claimed in 
the application last filed, the applicant must, in order to avoid tlie continuance of the 
interference, disclaim the invention of the particular matter so shown. The fact that 
one of the parties has already obtained a patent will not prevent an interference ; for, 
although the Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already issued, he may, 
if he finds that another person was the prior inventor, give him a patent also, and 
thus place both parties on an equal footing before the courts and the public. 

The steps required in interference cases are as follows : 

1. A preliminary statement of the applicant under oath, showing when he con- 
ceived the invention, the date it was reduced to model or drawing, and extent of 
its use. 

2. Taking of the depositions of the inventor and witnesses, and cross examining 
witnesses of his opponent. 

3. Presentation of the case and argument before the Patent Office tribunal. 

It sliould be understood that there is no appeal from the decision of the Commis- 
sioner in interference cases, and therefore care should be exercised in employing only 
such counsel as can give the matter the most careful attention. Our long experience 
with cases of this character enables us to ^i\e valuable advice to our clients. 



REISSUES. 



A reissue is granted to the original i^atentee, his legal representative, or the as- 
signees of the entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specifica- 
tion, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention, or discovery, more than 
he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is imperative or invalid, provided 
the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake, and without any fraudu- 
lent or deceptive intention. 

3Tnportancc of Reissues. 

Several features relative to the law of reissues make this an important branch of 
the patent business, and tlie preparation of the necessary papers requires more thnn 
the usual care and experience. In the reissue application no change or improvement 
is allowed, and in case such change is made, it must be by a new and separate api:)li- 
cation. 

In all cases of applications for reissues the original claim, if rein'oduced in the 
amended specification, is subject to re-examination, and may be revised and restricted 
in the same manner as in original applications. The application for a reissue must be 
accompanied by a surrender of the original patent, or, if lost, then by an affidavit to 
that effect and a certified copy of the patent; but if any reissue be refused, the orig- 
inal patent will, upon request, be returned to the applicant. 

Preparatory to obtaining a reissue we make an examination as to the scope and 
validity of the letters patent, to ascertain if any advantage would arise if it contained 



THE inventor's MANUAL. 11 

matter subject to reissue. For this we make no charge. Should a reissue he advised, 
we will at once prepare the case upon receipt of $50, of which $30 is the Government 
fee and $20 a portion of our fee. Our fees in full, in such cases, range from $25 to $50. 



DISCLAIMERS. 



Whenever, by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, the claim of invention in any 
l^atent is too broad, embracing more than that of which the patentee was the original 
or first inventor, some material or substantial part of the thing patented being truly 
and justly his own, the patentee, his heirs or assigns, w^hether of a whole or of a sec- 
tional interest, may, upon payment of the duty required by law, make disclaimers of 
such parts of the thing patented as the disclaimant shall not choose to claim or to 
hold' by virtue of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent of his interest 
in such patent; which disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by one or more wit- 
nesses, shall be recorded in the Patent Office, and shall thereafter be considered as 
part of the original specification, to the extent of the interest possessed by the claim- 
ant and by those claiming under him after the record thereof. 

The cost complete for filing disclaimer will not range above $20, of which $10 is 
the Government fee and $10 our fee. 



APPEALS. 



Every applicant for a patent, or the reissue of a patent, any of the claims of which 
have twice been rejected upon the merits of the invention, may appeal from the de- 
cision of the Primary Examiner, in such case, to the Board of Examiners in Chief, 
having once paid a fee of $10. For this purpose a petition in writing must be filed, 
signed by the party, or his authorized agent or attorney, praying an appeal, and set- 
ting forth the reasons upon which the appeal is taken. 

In these cases it is always found advisable to have oral argument before the 
Board. He then has the privilege of appealing from the Examijier in Chief to the 
Commissioner in person, and from the Commissioner to the Supreme Court of the 
District of Columbia, sitting in banc. * 

The Government fees are as follows: 1. Appeal from Examiner to Examiner in 
Chief, $10. 2. Appeal to Commissioner, $20. Our fee in either case would depend 
altogether upon the labor involved. 



REGISTRATION OF PRINTS AND LABELS. 



By an act of Congress approved June 18, 1874, it is provided that certain prints 
and labels may be registered in the Patent Office, but in the construction of this act 
the words ^'engraving," "cut," and "print" shall be applied only to pictorial illustra- 
tions of works connected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used 



12 THE inventor's manual. 

for any other article of manufacture shall be entered under tlie copyright law, but 
may be reg-istered in the Patent Oflfice. 

By the word ''print," as used in the said act, is meant any device, picture, word 
or words, figure or figures (not a trade mark) impressed or stamped directly upon the 
articles of manufacture, to decide the name of the manufacturer, or place of manu- 
facture, style of goods, or other matter. 

By the word "label," as therein used, is meant a slip or piece of paper, or other 
material to be attached in any manner to manufactured articles, or bottles, boxes, 
and packages containing them, and bearing an inscription (not a trade mark), as, for 
example, the name of the manufacturer, or the place of manufacture, the quality of 
goods, directions for use, etc. 

By the words "articles of manufacture," to which said print or label is applica- 
ble by said act, are meant all vendible commodities produced by hand, machinery 
or art. 

To entitle the owner of any such print or label to register the same in the Patent 
Office, it is necessary that five copies of the same be sent to us with $16, the cost in 
full, of which $6 is the Government fee and $10 our fee. The certificate of registra- 
tion continues in force for twenty-eight years. 



COPYRIGHTS. 



The patent law of July 8, 1870, provides that any citizen or resident of the United 
States who is the author, inventor or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatical 
or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, pliotograph, painting, drawing, chro- 
mo, statuary, etc., may secure a copyright for a period of twenty-eight years. 

The mode of j)rocedure is to record the printed title of the book or printed de- 
scription of the photograph, etc., in the office of the Liibrarian of Congress. This 
must be done before the book or composition is published. Tw(f copies or specimens 
of the book or composition to be copyrighted must also be forwarded to the Libra- 
rian of Congress within ten days after publication. If a work of art, a photograph 
thereof should be transmitted in the same manner. We prepare such cases and pay 
all Government fees on receipt of $4 



CANADIAN PATENTS. 



It may, perhaps, be unnecessary to call attention to the fact that Canadian pat- 
ents are, as a rule, as valuable as American patents. They are an energetic, appre- 
ciative people, so near to our own borders that they may be regarded as part of our 
people in customs and manners. American inventors are daily beginning to realize 
the necessity of procuring patents in Canada. It comprises nine of the British prov- 
inces in North America. It is increasing in its manufacturing and commercial in- 
terests, and has a rapidly growing population, the census of 1891 showing a total of 
4,833,239 souls. The application for the Canadian patent must be made within one 
year from the time the American j^ateut is issued. 



THE inventor's manual. 13 

Ccrm of (Eana^ian patents. 

Canadian patents will be granted for a term of either six, twelve or eighteen years, 
and the applicant may elect the term desired. The holder of a six year patent has 
the privilege of two extensions, each for a period of six years, thus making eighteen 
years in all, and the holder of a twelve year patent has the privilege of one exten- 
sion. 

2lppItcatton for (Eanabtatt patents. • 

l^hose desiring to apply for a patent should send us a model or drawing, with a de- 
scription, the same as in cases of American patents, with the requisite fee for the 
term desired. The case will then be prepared and returned to the applicant for oath 
and signature. The full name of the inventor will be required, and also his occu- 
pation. The model must not -exceed twelve inches in dimensions. 

irtanufacturtng patents in Canada. 

The Canadian jDatent law requires that the nianufacture of a Canadian patent must 
be commenced within one year after its issue, or the patent will become void. 

Cost of Canadian paUnt 

The charges for the same are very reasonable. These charges include everything to 
insure the delivery of the papers to you, including Government fees and our own, 
prei^aring the specifications, original and duplicate drawings, etc., and may be stated 
as follows : For a six year patent, $40 ; for a twelve year patent, $60 ; for an eighteen 
year patent, $80. 

2lppItcatton lifter J^^^^ ^f ^^reign patent. 

An inventor who may have obtained a patent for his invention in a foreign country, 
before applying in Canada, may obtain a patent in Canada if application be made 
within one year from the date of the issue of the first foreign patent for such inven- 
tion. 

Propistonal protection. 

If within three months after the date of the issue of a foreign patent, the inventor 
gives notice to the Commissioner of his intention to apply for a patent in Canada for 
such invention, then no other person having commenced to inanufacture the same 
device in Canada during such period of one year, shall be entitled to continue the 
manufacture of the same after the inventor has obtained a patent therefor in Can- 
ada, without the consent or allowance of the inventor. 

(ErpirY IPitl] ^^reign patents. 

If foreign patents exist, the Canadian patent shall expire at the earliest date on 
which any foreign patent for the same invention expires. 



SHIPMENT OF MODELS. 



It is frequently the case that parties forward to us boxes containing models of 
little or no value, expecting us to pay express charges, A strict and invariable rule 
compels us to refuse them unless the charges for transportation have been paid or re- 
mitted with the letter of instructions. 



14 THE inventor's manual. 

We also call particular attention to the marking of models, so they can be identi- 
fied on receipt. Be careful, therefore, to give us not only tlie name of the inventor, 
but also the name of the article and address of the party forwarding the same. 
A little care and thought thus exercised will greatly aid vis to facilitate your 
business. 



FOREIGN PATENTS. 



^Imertcan 3tt^stttions ^broab. 

American inventors have found that patents in European countries are, as a rule, 
profitable. Foreigners are beginning to appreciate American inventions, and the re- 
sult of the Exposition at Paris demonstrated that American manufactures are in 
great demand. The great World's Columbian Exposition was a wonderful incentive 
to inventors, and demonstrated — what was confirmed at Paris — that- the reputation 
of American inventions is greater than that of any other nation, and, as a prominent 
European remarked, the "reputation of Yankee inventions in Europe commands for 
- them a greater respect and more certainly insures success than the inventions of our 
own mechanics." While all these circumstances inure to the benefit of our invent- 
ors, foreign governments generally have I'educed their charges, and the cost is mate- 
rially less than was required a few years since. 

Charges for 2lppItcattons. 

The charges hereinafter quoted are for applications which require onlj'- ordinary 
preparation in the way of drawing-s and specifications. Extra work will, however, 
be performed at a reasonable additional cost. 

(5reat Britain. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years. The cost is as follows: Provisional protec- 
tion for nine months, $27.50. Completing the patent, $45.50. T(^al, $73.00. Applica- 
tion for complete patent, $52.50. Annual payments before the expiration of the fourth, 
fifth, sixth and seventh year, each $55.00. Eighth and ninth year, $77.50. Tenth, 
eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth year, $105.00. 

prance anb 2llgeria. 

Patents are granted fox fifteen years, subject to the payment of the annual tax and 
proper working. Cost of patent, including first year's tax, $52.50. Annual tax, pay- 
able before the expiration of each year, $22.50. The invention must be worked within 
one year from the date of the patent. 

Belgium. 

Duration of patent, twenty years. Cost of patent, including first year's tax, $30.00; 
second year's .tax, $6.25; third year, $8.25, and so on, increasing $2.00 each year to the 
twentieth, for which the charge is $42.25. The invention must be worked within one 
year after date of its commercial working in any country. 

2lustria anb ^unq,a\:\. 

Duration of patent, fifteen years. Cost, in each country, $55.00, including first year's 
tax. Taxes for second, third, fourth and fifth years, $20,00; sixth year, $25.00; sev- 
' enth year, $30.00; eighth, $33.00; ninth, $36.00; tenth, $39.00; eleventh, $45.00; twelfth, 
$52.00; thirteenth, $58.00; fourteenth, $64.00; fifteenth, $70.00. The invention must 
be worked within one year from date of patent. ♦ 



THE inventor's AIANUAL. 15 



cBennauT. 

Duration of patent, fifteen years. Cost, including- first year's tax, 155.00; second 
year's tax, $15.00; third year, $27.50. Yearly increase $12.50 to the end of the term. 
The invention must be worked within three years after date of patent. 

Cost of patent, including first year's tax, $55. Annual tax, second and third years, 
eaeh, $12.50; fourth, fifth and sixth years, each, $17.50; seventh, eighth and ninth 
years, each, $22.50; tenth, eleventh and twelfth years, each, $27.50; thirteenth, four- 
teenth and fifteenth years, each, $32.50. The applicant must elect the term, which 
may vary from one to fifteen years, and pay the proportional tax. If it be subse- 
quently desired to extend the term, a certificate of prolongation must be applied for 
before the expiration of the original term. Application should be made before the in- 
vention becomes jDublicly known in Italy. If a patent be granted for five years, the in- 
vention must be worked within one year from date of patent. If the term be more than 
five years, the working must be accomplished within two years from date of patent. 

Russia. 

Cost of patent, including three years' tax, $120.00; including five years' tax, $150.00; 
including ten years' tax, $325.00. Duration of patent, three, five or ten years, at the 
option of the applicant. The invention must be worked during the first quarter of 
the term of the patent, counting from date of issue, and within six months of the ex- 
piration of that term, proof of the working must be furnished to the proper department. 

Spain. 

Cost of patent, including one year's tax, $55.00. Taxes for second year, $7.50; third 
year, $9.50. Rate of increase, $2.00 per year to the twentieth, for which the tax is 
$43.50. The invention must be worked within two years from date of patent. 

A statement of charges in other European dominions, also in Australia, Mexico, 
and other countries in which patents can be obtained, will be furnished on aj)plica- 
tion. 

Denmarf anb ^cAanb, 

Patents for five years cost $75. Always granted. No inodel. Time, from two to 
three months. No tax. May be worked by importation. 

Sireben. 

Duration of patent, fifteen years. Cost, including first year's tax, $60.00. Nearly 
always granted. Time required to obtain patent, two to three months. No model. 

riorujaY. 

Duration of patent, fifteen years. Cost, including first year's tax, $60.00. Time re- 
quired to obtain patent, two to three months. No model. 

Portugal anb Colonics. 

Duration of patent, from one to fifteen years. Cost of one year patent, $98.00. Five 
years' patent, $125.00. Ten years, $185.00. Fifteen years, $225.00. 

Duration of patent, fourteen years. Cost, including four years' taxes, $75.00. 

(5reecc. 

Duration, three to fifteen years ; cost, from $250 to $2,500. Granted only by legisla- 
ture, and very doubtful. No model. 



w 



THE INVENTOR S MANUAL. 



Zllcyico. 

Duration of patent, twenty years. Cost, including all taxes, $160. 

Sri?it5crlanb. 

Duration of patent, fifteen years. Cost, including first year's tax, $45, 

Xlew §calanb. 

Provisional protection nine months, $20. Duration of patent, fourteen years. Cost, 
including four years' taxes, $62,50. 

Victoria. 

Provisional* protection nine months, $20. Duration of patent, fourteen years. Cost, 
including three years' taxes, $65. 

Xi^m Soutl? tPales. 

Provisional protection twelve months, $25. Duration of patent, fourteen years. Cost, 
including all taxes, $70. 

Queenslanb. 

Provisional protection nine' months, $25. Duration of patent, fourteen years. Cost, 
including four years' taxes, $70. 

SoutI] 2lustralta. 

Provisional protection twelve months, $25. Duration of patent, fourteen years. Cost, 
including three years' taxes, $65. 

IDestern 2lustralta. 

Provisional protection nine months, $30. Duration of patent, fourteen years, 
including four years' taxes, $100. 

Casmanta. 

Provisional protection nine months, $20. Duration of patent, fourteen years, 
including three years' taxes, $95. 



Cost, 



Cost, 



SUMMARY OF UNITED STATES PATENT FEES AND 
ATTORNEY'S FEES. 

Gov. Pee." Att'y Fee. Total. 

Design patent for S^;, years. .__$10 00 $15 00 $25 00 

Design patent for 7 years l-_. 15 00 15 00 80 00' 

Design patent for 14 years ■_ .. 30 00 15 00 45 00 

On filing every caveat 10 00 15 00 25 00 

On filing application for patent . 15 00 25 00 40 00 

On is'suing each original patent (^naZ Gov. fee) 20 00 

On filinga disclaimer.. 10 00 

On filing every application for a reissue 30 00 

Filing application for division of a reissue 30 00 

Filing every application for an extension 50 00 

On the grant of every extension 50 00 

Appeal from a primary Examiner to Examiners in Chief 10 00 

Appeal to the Commissioner from Examiners in Chief. 20 00 

On depositing trade mark for registration 25 00 15 (K) 40 00' 

On depositing a label for registration 6 00 10 00 16 00 

For certified copy of a patent, for every 100 words 10 

Recording assignment of 300 words or under 1 00 1 00 2 0<i 



RULES GOVERNING PATENTS 

WHICH EVERY APPLICANT SHOULD KNOW. 



» To make experiments, then drop them, and only recur to them when another and later inventor has made 
a success of the idea, makes them "abandoned experiments." Meredelay, where neither public use norgrant 
of patent to another has intervened, cannot work abandonment nor forfeiture. To make a machine and then 
lay it aside to make anotheron a different plan, makes the former an abandoned experiment. 

Mere assemblage of parts does not constitute combination; the parts must co-operate. Merely to use two 
processes in conjunction can not be considered invention. One partis not in patentable combination with an- 
other'when each performs its duty just as it would if the other were not present. 

A thing is not a new article of manufacture, simply because it is produced by novel means. An article 
of manufacture may be patentable in that it is produced cheaper than the old device, or that it works better. 
An article of manufacture must be complete in itself. 

The Office will not issue patents to the assignee unless request is made to that effect. An assignment of 
iuture inventions is an executory contract, to be enforced only by courts of equity. 

An inventor is bound by the acts of his attorney. The Office can not be responsible for the blunders or 
Incapacity of attorneys. An attorney who presents an application for patent simply to delay the insurance 
of another's patent, or to injure and annoy another applicant, will be disbarred for gross misconduct. 

When a patent is granted without the required notice to a conflicting caveator, the caveator's rights are 
not forfeited. What is called a renewal of a caveat is in legal effect a new and independent caveat. Filing 
a caveat raises a presumption that the invention was not then complete. One of joint inventors may law- 
fully file a caveat on the joint invention. 

A claim for a principle, or a law of nature, can not be allowed. Applicants may describe several species 
of a genus, and make a generic claim to cover all. He may also cover one species under the genus, but no 
more, in one patent. A feature of a mechanical device described in the specification, but not shown in the 
drawings or model— when it is capable of illustration— can not be claimed. The words "substantially as de- 
scribed" have no force in a claim not distinctive without them. Certainty is required in claims. Mention of 
a part by letter in a claim is a restriction to the described device. When the thing claimed can only be dis- 
tinguished from something else by the words "substantially as described," it is not definite enough to be 
allowed. A feature applicable to different forms may be broadly claimed. Though certain elements have 
been combined to produce a certain result, yet a combination of the same elements to produce another result 
is patentable, and is not an objection to the claim that the prior mechanism meets its terms. Application can 
not, in the same patent, claim more than one form of different, equivalent constructions. 

A new combination of old elements, the conception of which involves the exercise of the inventive faeul 
ties, though no ingenuity is required to carry it out in practice, is patentable. A new combination is not 
formed by substituting for one element thereof a mere equivalent of such element. An elementof acombina- 
tion modified into a new form, producing a new and useful result, or a better result, and the modification 
not being mere mechanical skill, is not a mere equivalent for the old element. The elements of a combina- 
tion may all be old, but each part must perform some new function of which it was previously incapable. 
Combined implements which use certain parts in common, and so save the expense of duplicating, are pat- 
entable combinations. Distinct mechanisms "producing, by their co-operation, results of a very useful and 
important character," are legal combinations, and not aggregations. 

The mere reversal of the operation of a device, accompanied by a change which would follow as a matter 
of course, is not invention. The results of mere skill are not patentable. 

In a patent for a compound or a composition of matter, distinct claims can not be allowed for parts less 
than the whole. The claim for a compound of known ingredients must specify them. 

Utility, as well as ornament, may form the basis of a design patent. The doctrine of (artistic) equiva- 
lents applies to designs. Design patents may have plurality of claims. Trade marks can not be covered by 
design patents. In mechanics, a patent calls for the exercise of constructive genius. A design patentcalls 
for the exercise of creative genius. A design patent for the form of an article does not bar a subsequent pat- 
ent for its construction. 

The application of an old device to a new purpose, simply analogous to its old purpose, is mere double 
use. Using a well known article for a well known purpose, though the particular article and the particular 
purpose have never before been brought together, is not invention. 

As between employer and employe, the former is not to be considered the inventor from such relation 
merely. An employer is not entitled to any knowledge of the independent inventions of his employe. An 
inventor may avail himself of the services of skilled laborers, and suggestions and improvements coming 
from them aie to be considered part and parcel of the original invention. A skilled artisan, whose mechan- 

fl7) 



.I'S THE inventor's IMANUAL. 

ical talent avails to embody another's conception, is not an inventor his ngairst the conccivor. An inventor 
has full right to employ the skill of others la embodying an invention. 

In interference the burden of proof is on the later ajiplicanl to t-how that he made the ii vention before 
the earlier applicant, and to show reason for making delay in application. Expert evidence is adniissible to 
prove facts in opposition to an examiner's assertion. 

When an applicant seeks letters patent for an invention which has already bef ii patented by him abroad,, 
his American patent, if issued, will be limited to seventeen years from the date of the grant of the foreign 
patent. 

"Invention,'' within the meaning of the I'atent Law, is the conception of some new and useful thing,. 
and the embodiment of that concepfon in a practical form. The true date of invention is at the point where 
the work of he inventor ceases, and the work of the mechanic begins. A simple invention is fully complete 
when the inventor has illustrated it, and communicated it to others. 

A machine and its product can not be claimed in the same application. Separate machines, all useful 
to one end, but independent in action, can not be joined in one application. 

The Office can not issue a joint patent to two parties and a separate patent to one of them for the same in- 
A'ention. 

Trade marks can not be registered as labels. Fanciful figures are not registrable as labels. A label bear- 
ing a trade mark can not be registered till the'trademark isiegistered. 

A model is not always reduction to practice, complete embodiment for use is necessary. The model 
(when lurnishea by request of Patent Office) must always conform with the drawing^ and specification. 

Signing papers in blank is moral perjury, and knowingly presenting them to the Office is gross miscon- 
duct. 

Where the only element of novelty is an indefinitely variable distance, there is not the ( ertaiuty requisite 
tosupport a patent. "Perpetual motion'' devices will not be patented. Adulterations of food are not patent- 
able. 

A printed publication, no matter what it recites, is not evidence of the existence of the described inven- 
tion prior to the issue ot the publication. Such 'prior piiblication" must show, the invention clearly and 
conclusively. Thus, a pattern book, without descriptive matter, is not a prior publication. Prior use and 
knowledge abroad can not affect a United States patent. 

A process which is old can not be patented, though a new re ultof its application may be. 

No distinction is made— in the matter of public and common use— between use by the inventor, or with 
his permission, and use by strangers. A X'ublic use is a ise in public, and a single, well authenticated in- 
stance proves public use. Public use and sale for more than two years before ap])llcation is fatal to the ajipli- 
cant. 

A reduction to practice may be effected by meansof an experimental working machine as well as in any 
other way. All depends on the result of the experiments. If the result is a failure, the experiment goes for 
nothing. If the result is neither a failure nor a success, the experiment also goes for nothing. If the result 
is a success, the work is a lawful reduction to practice. 

No matter can be Interpol ted into a reissue which is not found in the specification, model or drawings of 
the original patent. Drawings or model may be amended each by the other, and the specification may be 
amended by either. 

An inventor is entitled to all the benefits of his improvement, whether he anticipates them or not. 

A specification and claim must describe the invention with stich particularity that one may know what 
is claimed. 

A trade mark is an arbitrary character without ordinary signification. - A trade mark may be forfeited I'V- 
a non-user. Where a name, originally a trade mark, has gone into common use, and has come to denote a par- 
ticular shape or kind of article, it can not be reappropriated. 

Utility, in the eye of the Patent Law. refers rather to a utility of purpose than a utility of means. The 
merit, more or less, of an invention, as compared with existing devices, is a question with which the Patent 
Office has nothing to do. 



NOTE ON FOREIGN APPLICATIONS. 

We are prepared to attend to business, of whatever nature, relating to foreign in- 
ventions, and have connections in all countries. We have at all times blank forms for 
obtaining foreign patents, and any advice desired in relation to obtaining patents 
abroad will be promptly furnished by application to our Home Office. 



SALES DEPARTMENT 



AMERICAN PATENT AGENCY. 

HOME OFFICE: 

73 W. FIFTH ^T.. (FoUotaip SqUare,) CIUCiPflTl 0. 



0. J. BHILEY, Ger\. Manager, 



ESTIMATES OF SALABLE VALUE FURNISHED ON APPLICATION. 



3ra,=.=iL 0£fL=:^ 






Philadelphia, Peiiiisylrania. 
Jacksonville, Florida. 
Montgomery, Alabama. 
.Jackson, ilississippi. 
New Orleans, Louisiana. 
Galveston. Texas. 
Atlanta, Georgia. 
Dallas, Texas. 
Clarksville, Tennessee. 
Chattanooga, Tennessee. 
Louisville, Kentucky. 
Paducah. Kentucky. 
Cleveland, Ohio. 
Indianapolis, Indiana. 
Springfield. Illinois. 
Kansas City. Missouri. 
Des Moines. Iowa. 
Detroit Michigan. 
Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 
St Paul, Minnesota. 
Montpelier, Vermont. 
Concord, New Hampshire. 
Boston, Massachusetts. 



Springfield, Massachusetts. 
Newport, Rhode Island. 
New Haven, Connecticut. 
New York, New York. 
BufiFalo, New York. 
Utiea, New York. 
Albany, New York. 
Trenton, New Jersey. 
Pittsburg. Pennsylvania 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
Richmond, Virginia. 
Lynchburg, Virginia. 
Wheeling, West Virginia. 
Raleigh, North Carolina. 
Columbia, .South Caroli' a. 
Charleston. South Carolina. 
Omaha, Nebraska. 
Leavenworth. Kansas. 
Denver, Colorado. 
Virginia City, Nevada. 
Salt Lake City, T"tah. 
San Francisco, California. 
Augusta. Maine. 



And more Iban a thousand others all over the United States who have arranged to handle any business 
in their immediate vicinit} which we may intrust to them. 

We claim that this is the only Agency in America for the sale of patents that has 
bona fide permanent agents in all the principal cities of the United States. 



Ccgitimate 2lgencics. 



During the past two years a number of patent agencies have sprung up in different 
parts of the United States, so that, to-day, an inventor has no sooner had his patent 
allowed than he is flooded with circulars from the dilBferent agencies, showing im- 
mense facilities, and how much it would be to the patentee's interest to place the pat- 
ent for sale in the hands of the aforesaid agencies — some asking five dollars advance 
fee, others ten dollars, and some fifteen dollars, but rarely over that amount, as they 
think that, before the inventor would risk over that amount, he would likely make 
inquiries as to their standing and responsibility. 

The consequence has been that a great many have sent the amount demanded, 
with their models, and have never heard of their patents again, not even having the 
models returned ; and it is no wonder, therefore, that agencies are now looked upon 

( 19j 



20 THE inventor's manual. 

as humbugs and with suspicion, and that patentees have no inclination to do business 
with any of them, but keep their models and papers at home. Since nine out of ev- 
ery ten inventors, from pecuniary and other causes, are unable to put their patents on ' 
the market and before the public in the right manner, their patents get old, and they 
never realize froin them. Thousands of valuable patents have never yielded invent- 
ors anything for this very reason. The question now arises, "What ought the in- 
ventor to do ?" The answer is plain : Protect yourself at the start, and not "lock the 
stable door after the horse is gone." In other words, make the proper inquiries as to 
the standing and responsibility of such agencies. Find out if they really have the 
facilities they claim. This can be done to a certein extent through parties for whom 
they claim to have done business, or through their references. 

An honest and legitimate agency will not avoid an investigation, but rather court 
it, since such a course must necessarily in the future greatly redound to its advantage, 
if dishonest firms are prevented from gaining a foothold. Investigation means secu- 
rity to inventors and justice to reliable agencies. 

The success of the American Patent Agency for over a quarter of a century has 
induced several agencies to copy part of our printing and imitate our circulars, and 
one agency in the West had the impudence to copy our circulars entire. Even at the 
present time, certain parties in the West are sending out copies in imitation of our 
circulars, soliciting business without the faintest intention of ever doing what they 
promise. These parties can not, of course, make a copy of The Wobld's Progress, 
since none of them have sufficient means to issue a number, but they get up a mass 
of references, agents, branch offices, etc, and it is not at all surprising that the pat- 
entee should be bewildered and afraid to do business with any of them. 

3nr)csttgattng patent Brofers. 

No-doubt it is to the interest of all inventors that there should be some agency in the 
country that is responsible and reliable, and one that will put patents on the market 
in the proper naanner, because an individual with a patent, as hundreds of inventors 
can testify, after paying for printing bills, traveling expenses, hotel bills, loss of pres- 
ent business and time, can not be expected to do this work as cheaply or as quickly 
as an established agency with experience and facilities at its command. 

In view of the fact, therefore, that these irresponsible houses, to which we have . 
alluded, have not only fleeced inventors, but created a want of confidence in those 
who are attempting to build up a legitimate business upon business principles, we 
ask you as sensible men to adopt such a plan in placing your patents on the market 
as will assure you that the agency in which you repose confidence is just what it is 
represented to be. We have a reputation at stake in this matter, being the publish- 
ers of The World's Progress; and as an earnest of our effqrts in this direction, we 
have repeatedly published these frauds, and there are others who will receive like 
attention. 

Selection of patents. 

It is true that all patents can not be sold, and our judgment of what is salable may 
sometimes be at fault, but whenever a patent is not sold, we lose money by the opera- 
tion, and it is therefore proper for us to be prudent in the selection of patents for the 
market and in using our best endeavors to make sales. This we cannot do if high 
prices prevail— the great stumbling block preventing the success of many patents. 

^tgl| Estimates by 2lgenctes. 

Knowing that patentees are naturally enthusiastic when they receive their patents 
and are prone to believe that there is in them an immense fortune, some unprinci- 
pled, so-called patent agents tickle the cupidity of patentees by making very high 
estimates, with the belief that by so doing they will the more easily and surely secure 
a small advance fee, the sale of the patent really being'no part of their calculations. 



THE inventor's manual. 21 

2lge of patents. 

We especially call the attention of inventors to the fact that, after a patent is over 
five or six years old, if not manufactured or otherwise operated, it loses its market- 
able value very rapidly, and is difficult to sell, however practical the invention may 
be. This holds good universally if the desire is to sell territory, and all careful pur- 
chasers invariably grade the value by the time they have yet to run, as well as count 
the chances of new patents having been obtained in the meantime for like ai'ticles. 
There must be some inducement to show a profitable margin as well as assurance that 
they will get back their original investment. 

Stratgl^tfortDarb Heprescntation. 

Finally, we do not ask business from you to the exclusion of others, unless merit dic- 
tates. We are ever ready to explain our advantages, and prove all the facilities which 
we claim in this pamphlet. There is no inducement in the least for us to mislead, 
and whatever business is intrusted to our care will be done openly, honorably and 

PROMPTLY. 

CI|e Cause of prejubtce 2lgatnst patents. 

That, at the present day, it is difficult to sell patents, and that there is a strong preju- 
dice not only against patent agents, but patents also, would be useless for any one to 
deny. No matter how important or valuable the invention may be, there is a dispo- 
sition on the part of the public to be very careful how they invest. It is true that the 
"hard times," in a great measure, operate against sales; still, that is not the main 
cause and great obstacle in the way of making sales The difficulty lies with invent- 
ors themselves, as well as with a class of men who perambulate through the country 
selling rights, who do not care what representations they make so long as they are 
able to make sales. 

Cl^e ^irst Step. 

At first, when the would-be patentee has his idea perfected, and has demonstrated 
that it will work practically, he considers about taking out a patent, and, although 
the cost in this country is only comparatively a small sum, he hesitates, and brings 
up the question, "Will it pay, and can I afford to risk the money to get a patent?" 
He finally makes up his mind affirmatively and offers the application. No sooner 
does he get his patent allowed than his ideas change, and, with few sensible excep- 
tions, asks from $25,000 to $100,000 for an invention on which a month before he hesi- 
tated to risk a few dollars to secure a patent. 

rOl^at Sl^all 3e Done tDitt? tl^e patent? 

Few, if any, patentees have any definite idea of the course they will pursue after 
they get their patents. Some have obtained their patents with a view of manufac- 
turing, but a great majority are immediately in the market for sale. Many paten- 
tees are needy and many are compelled to make quick sales, if possible, and the im- 
portant question arises: ^^ Shall I attempt its sale myself., or intrust it to an agency V 
This is an important thing to decide. The patentee has had no experience, his train- 
ing, location and surroundings are against him and the consideration of dollars and 
cents stares him in the face. It is no light task for an inexperienced man to take 
the responsibility of negotiating the sale of a patent. Where shall he go ? To whom 
apply? What steps are necessary to speedily bring it to the notice of a patent buy- 
ing public ? 

^Hanagement. 

There are thousands of valuable inventions that have only had a glimpse of light, 
owing to bad management in putting them before the public. 



22 THE inventor's manual. 

The value of an invention depends almost wholly upon whose haiids it is in. To 
illustrate tl^is, we mention a case Avhich came under our observation in this city. 
Years ago a party bou<i:ht a patent and commenced manufacturing the article. After 
several years of labor and endeavor to operate without the aid of advertising, and 
withholding the goods from public knowledge, he became discouraged, gave up his 
business and never attempted to do anything with it until some six months ago, when 
he almost gave it away to get rid of it. 

The parties who bought the right are men of energy and business qualifications, 
and to-day are not only making a large profit from manufacturing, but have sold 
enough territory outside to doubly repay them for the investment. 

Some inventors think there is so much merit in their ideas that it will shed its 
own light over the world without exertion on their part, or advertising the same in 
some form, or giving it the energy or patience necessary to make successful sales. 
They find, too late, that they have lost the golden opportunity, and that the time has 
gone by to realize from it. 

3H^uctng (Eapitaltsts. 

To induce capitalists to buy, it is necessary to show them margin enough to enable 
them not only to make a good profit on manufacturing the article, whatever it may 
be, but also profit sufficient to enable them to make the money first paid for the pat- 
ent, outside of the profits on manufacturing. Without the capitalist can see this, of 
course he can not be expected to buy, as there would be no inducement to invest in a 
patent which is regarded as an experiment until the purchaser is, reimbursed. 

£}ow Valm is probuceb. 

Patents are still valuable and find buyers, when the improvement is good and the in- 
ventor puts his prices at reasonable figures, but at fancy prices a sale can not be 
made. Until the patent is sold it has only imaginary value. It is only when the in- 
ventor disposes and realizes that he knows what the invention is worth to him in 
dollars and cents, and no invention is worth more than it will produce. Of course, 
when we say produce, we take it for granted that the patent is in the right hands, and 
has been given proper iDublicity and the attention which it des^ves. 

Cl^e Paluc of patents. 

That an invention in a financial sense is worth no more than it will bring in dollars 
and cents, is a proposition that no one will deny; and that the value of the patent is 
what can be realized from it, and no inore, no matter what the intrinsic merit of the 
invention may be, is plain; then naturally follows the question, what is the best 
means of reaching the desired point of realizing the value of ^n invention. 

^ow to (Earn publicitY. 

Publicity and persoual attention, nine times out of ten, will bring the proper return,, 
but to do this the inventor must have considerable means, besides devoting his whole 
time. As a general thing, inventors, as a class, are not moneyed naen, and also have 
their time occupied. For an individual to work up the sale of his patent would re- 
quire moneyfor traveling expenses, hotel bills, printing and newspaper notices in 
the different regions canvassed by him. This would soon amount to two or three 
thousand dollars, without a certainty of a sale at last, so to the "poor inventor" the 
gates are closed to that road to wealth. The question now is, what is the next best 
method of reaching the desired end ? 

Cl^e Surest Wa^^ to proceeb. 

We are satisfied that the best and surest way to advertise the patent so that capital- 
ists abroad can be informed as to its merits and become interested in the invention, 
for inventors, with a few exceptions, are like prophets, "without honor in their own 



THE inventor's manual. 123 

country," and the chances, "judging by sales generally," will be made easier outside 
of the particular locality in which the inventor lives. To attract the attentiuii of 
those who have means to buy, there is no medium like the "newspaper," especially 
one devoted to mechanics, arts and science generally. By making the description 
lucid and clear, and at the same time interesting, the attention of the reader is held, 
and he readily forms an idea whether it can be made profitable. From the conclu- 
sion he draws he makes inquiries and opens negotiations. After the parties are 
found who think favorably of the patent and wish to purchase, the battle is gained, 
the expense of personally seeing those who wish to buy, and closing the sale is com- 
paratively small, and in case the patentee's time is occupied, all negotiations can be 
made and closed through some responsible agency. 

B}ow to Sell patents. 

There is no branch of industry in the United States which is more susceptible of 
abusei or liable to misconception, than the business of selling patents. We propose 
to give our views on this subject, and frankly present to your consideration a few rea- 
sons why we claim superiority in the manner of handling patents. 

A vast number of patents are issued w^eekly, and among tliem many which are of 
the greatest value, not only to the public at large, but to the inventors tliemselves. 
It can not be gainsaid that many fail to pay their originators for the time, labor and 
means employed. 

(Energy Hequire5. 

A study of successful patents confirms us in the belief that not only the intrinsic 
merit and wide-spread value of these inventions give them their remunerative fea- 
ture, but that there is something still more potent which enables inventors to realize 
from their products. Morse was not the firgt to demonstrate the feasibility of trans- 
mitting messages on wire, but he was the first to bring a thoroughly practical inven- 
tion for this pturpose to the notice of the public^ and the history of his enterprise 
shows what delays and vexations he had to undergo before he was successful. 

Howe was not the first inventor of the sewing machine, but lie invented a new 
and practical means of producing stitches by machinery, and, after years of suffering 
and privations, witnessed the success of his invention. So with others of our great- 
est inventors. The history of their lives is pre-eminently the history of energy and 
tact. All the avenues of industry and science are so zealously guarded that no one 
need flatter himself that he will stumble into a fortune on account of his ingenuity, 
or reap a rich harvest on account of the blundering judgment of others. It is b(-st to 
be honest and open in these matters. People are becoming careful on the subject of 
patents. A highly practical and novel invention is no index to its financial value 
unless business shrewdness and energy aceotnpany it. 

3nc>entors riot Salesmen. 

Not every one is competent to sell patents. It is a business requiring peculiar tal- 
ent and kno-wledge, and it is no argument to say tliat, because a man is a good in- 
ventor, he is therefore a good salesman. Indeed, the testimony of patentees, with 
few exceptions, is that patents are hard to dispose of at remunerative rates. There- 
fore, in looking over this vast branch of industry, and recognizing its great defect, 
we are led to the conclusion that a suitable agency, yirough which inventors can 
transact their business, is desirable, by which they may be enabled to bring tlieir 
inventions to the notice of capitalists more favorably than by mere private means. 
When an inventor obtains a patent, the first query in his mind is : How shall I sell it ? 

Professional 2lbr»isers. 

Patentees, as a class, have been in the habit of receiving more prolific and gratuitous 
advice tlian any other class of people in the country. As a result of this advice, the 
simple question, "How?" is further than ever from them, as a practical reality. 



24 THE inventor's manual. 

A set of professional advisers are ever ready to dish up stereotyped answers, 
while they, upon investigation, are generally found to be as inexperienced as those 
to whom they seek to impart wisdom. 

There are men always ready to say how a thing should be done, but are unable to 
do it themselves. Mills can write a logical and elaborate essay on the economy of 
wealth, but is unable to audit his own butcher's and baker's bills. Some of the no- 
blest sentiments of purity were conceived and fashioned by Edgar A. Poe, but the 
memory of them is the only monument over the grave of the inebriate poet. 

Unprofitable ^Ibnice. 

We can conceive how such things may be possible, but, after all is said, it becomes 
* necessary that the man to whom this advice is given should be capable of performing 
the task. The veriest spendthrift may be able to tell you that economy is the road 
to wealth, but unless you have the mental capacity to economize, you may be as un- 
fortunate as your spendthrift adviser. It may be good advice to say that the only 
way to sell a patent is to put it on the market, get customers for it, and — sell, (If any 
other method has ever been proposed by these professional advisers, we have yet to 
see it.) But patentees want to know how to place their inventions on the market, 
and how to get customers. 

3Tiej-pemnceb ^nvzntots. 

Many inventors, through lack of experience, are not acquainted with the channels of 
the patent trade, and are often misled by designing persons to intrust their inven- 
tions into the hands of incompetent men. The result is, months and years pass away 
and nothing feasible is done in the way of bringing the invention to public notice. 

Our first proposition is, that to be a good salesman, a knowledge of the business 
is necessary ; and, in the second place, practical experience and tact. These two ele- 
ments, theory and practice, are indispensable. This fact applies to every branch of 
trade, and is so apparent that to argue it would be useless. 

Cl^aractensttcs of Saksmen. 

Suppose we compare the characteristics of two good salesmon, in any line of busi- 
ness. In the case of dne, his method may be plausible and confiding, minute in de- 
tail and careful in representation. He seeks to win rather by force of reason than by 
taking advantage of circumstances. He is an apt judge of human nature, pliable 
enough to fit the exact mold of his customer, and politely persuasive. The other is 
bold and independent, reckless in assertion, and apparently averse to the confidence 
of others. The small matters of detail are too insignificant for his attention. Bra- 
vado is more effective, because used more naturally. Cunning is one of his charac- 
teristics, and frankness the best cloak for it. It would be an utter iinpossibility for 
either of these men to assume and play the role of the other. Both are good sales- 
men ; but we desire to impress the idea that each man has his peculiarity of temper- 
ament._ This constitutes his "tact, and, when properly combined with e:^iperience, will 
succeed in making a good salesman of any man who has the two essential elements 
— patience and perseverance. 

3ncenttng anb Selling! 

Now, we ask, how many patentees have the qualifications we have described ? The 
business of selling patents is an entirely different thing from producing inventions. 
It is folly to say that because a man is a good inventor, he is therefore a good sales- 
man. The experience of so many patentees has, we think, fully demonstrated this 
fallacy. We are candid in the opinion when we say that the only way inventors can 
secure the reward for their ingenuity is to intrust the sale of their patents to some 
good, responsible party to secure negotiations. It will generally be found to be less 
expensive to them in the end, and avoid endless trouble and annoyance. 



THE inventor's manual. 25 

Poor ^nv^ntovs. 

We are aware that the great body of inventors are poor; therefore not in a position 
to visit the leading manufacturers, and come in contact with moneyed men, who 
would invest in some staple patent. Advertising alone will accomplish nothing, un- 
less backed up by persistent and consistent representation. We, therefore, take ad- 
vantage of both these methods, believing them to be the only safe and reliable means 
to. successfully introduce inventions. 

rieu) patents ZHost ValnahU, 

We here urge what we have often repeated to investors, that the most valuable time 
to place a patent on the market is during the first year after its issue, and we firmly 
believe that nine-tenths of the patents profitably disposed of, are those which were 
energetically handled during that period. The reason for this is apparent. New in- 
ventions are constantly being brought to public notice, and so abundant is the oppor- 
tunity, and so large the field for improvement, that no inventor can feel himself safe 
in the fancied monopoly of any particular sphere of ingenuity. 

2lgc ^mipaixs Value, 

From the fact that capitalists are prone to look with distrust upon patents of two and 
three years' standing, and it is natural that they should, when we consider that in 
the business world men are generally captivated by those articles which command 
the readiest sale, time always being regarded an important consideration in selec- 
tions for business operations. 

Cocatton 3^portant. 

The patentee, in the majority of cases, Is not in a favorable location to transact the 
business pertaining to his invention. Our large manufacturing marts are generally 
conceded to be the most desirable, in a business point of view, and this applies with 
equal force in the selection of a market for a patent. In many cases, however, pat- 
ents are more easily disposed of in locations suited to the development of the particu- 
lar branch of industry to which the invention pertains. 

CountY Htgl|ts Hot Solb. 

We do not refer to that particular class of patents that are sold in country neighbor- 
hoods, among farmers and others, for farm, township, shop, or county rights. We 
have no time or means to "huckster" rights in that way. We seldom sell less than a 
State right, and we consider no proposition from parties who desire us to sell in that 
manner. There are parties who make it a specialty to "farm out" patents, to whom 
we sell rights in a body, and who are generally designated among patent men as 
"small brokers." 

Personal Solicitation ZlTost effective. 

No system of selling patents is effective that does not use, as its chief means, the 
agency of Personal Solicitation. As before intimated, this, in connection with a ju- 
dicious system of advertising, is the only reliable method by which a patent can be 
speedily disposed of. Recognizing these two means as the index to a successful 
agency, we employ them to the exclusion of all others ; and to fully carry out the i)laii 
indicated, we have fitted up our office for the exhibition of all patents intrusted to our 
care, where they can be readily inspected by customers. We employ competent and 

Reliable Salesmen 

For the purpose of fully presenting the merits of the different inventions on exhibi- 
tion, and to whom are Intrusted the details of all patents in their various depart- 
ments. We also employ trustworthy agents, whose business it is to personally solicit 



2(T THE inventor's manual. 

sales in various parts of the country, and who distribute circulars among that class of 
people most likely to invest in patents. To do this judiciously and with advantage 
to the patentee, as well as to ourselves, requires prudence a nd a thorough knowledge 
of the business in hand. We, therefore, select only such men have proved them- 
selves, by association and experience, to be fully competent. 

Siigaesttons as to prices. 

"NVe here desire to allude to one great error into which many inventors are liable to 
fall, and which frequently precludes all chances of sales. There are those who insist 
upon placing too high a price upon their patents. They fail to see that other people 
do not always look upon patents m the same light as they do themselves. They con- 
ceive fabulous prices, upon which they hang their hopes and fail to be guided by the 
experience of others. Misfortunes overtake their eager longing for sudden wealth, 
and they are at last doomed to bitter disappointment. We warn our friends against 
this course. You can afford to be reasonable with the products of your ingenuity. 
Frankly speaking, that era in our mechanical history which yields its hundreds of 
thousands and its millions for a single xaatent has passed away. We have just en- 
tered the threshold of a new period, in which inventors will be more generally re- 
warded, and the world at large derive more substantial benefits. In view of the fact 
. that a patent is often placed at a prohibitive price, we have resolved not to undertake 
the sale of a i^atent unless at such prices as we may deem it reasonably certain that 
a sale can be effected within the specified time. 

It is true that there are numbers of parties, all over the country, who profess to 
be able to sell everything that is brought to them. If they are practical men, and 
have a knowledge of the business, common honesty will tell them that it is an im- 
possibility. Any man who will undertake the sale, careless as to price and regardless 
of the nature of the patent, is either a novice in the business or is unworthy of your 
confidence. Deal only with well known and reliable parties. Such firms have a repu- 
tation at stake, and are interested, as well as yourselves, in doing justice. 

Ctme Kequtreb. 

The usual time for which we make contracts is ninety days. Iifsome instances sales 
can be effected in less time, but Ave take no contract for less than ninety days, unless 
for special reasons, because we do not believe any one can of a certainty thoroughly 
work up sales within a shorter period to an advantage. We aim to obtain the high- 
est possible prices, and to do that requires time. 

Porter of 2IttorucY. 

We do not ask for, nor will we accept, a power of attorney. W^hen sales are made, 
the deeds, jDroperly drawn up, will ))e sent to the patentees, who will then sign them 
and return to us per express, C. O. D., that is, collecting on delivery the specified 
mount in the deed, after deducting our commission from the amount of the sale. 
Bi/ this-2ylan patentees ivill at aH times have entire control of their own interests. We 
do not insist upon being made sole agents of the patentee, but he is permitted to. 
make any arrangement independent of us. 



OUR TERMS FOR UNDERTAKING THE SALE OF 

PATENTS. 



We charge no advance fee for imaginary services, and have always aimed to in- 
troduce patents at the least possible expense to patentees. As every patentee knows,, 
good ])usiness management is necessary to i)roiierly introduce any patent, however 



THK inventor's MANUAL. 27 

valuable it may be. One of the most important step.s to insure success is the printing 
and proper distribution bf descriptions relating to the invention. Capitalists and 
speculators must be hunted up and appealed to, and they can be found only through 
a wide cast distribution of circulars or other printed matter, in connection with a 
thoroughly organized system of personal solioitation by j^ractical salesmen. This will 
make the introduction and sale of patents an accomplished fact, if it can be done at 
all. To employ these men requires a cash outlay, which is met by our commission 
on safles, and which expense we in no instance require patentees to pay. When we 
add to this the cost of model ti'ansportation and exi^ense for stamps, clerk hire, rent 
and other incidentals too numerous to mention, it is plain that the introduction of a 
new invention, in such a manner as to attract the attention of capitalists in all parts 
of the country, must necessarily be attended with a lai'ge cash outlay before a single 
sale is effected, and with all the risk of failure or success upon our shoulders. 

For a single individual to command such facilities, operating with only a single 
article, would, at the start, require a larger sum of money than could be obtained for 
the whole patent. In view of the fact that, even with the facilities at our command, 
we can not bring the attention of capitalists and speculators to our patents without 
circulars or other means, we therefore expect inventors to pay for the necessary 
printing, and also for such descriptions as will enable us to properly place the patent 
in the market, here and elsewhere. The cost for printing such circulars and descrip- 
tions will be given on application, and in no case will other charges be made for 
services except the 

Commission on Sales. 

Our commission on sales effected will not be more than 15 percent, which, although 
low, taking into consideration the attendant expense, will enable the inventor to put 
his patent on the market in a cheaper, more expeditious and safer manner than at 
any time in the jaast. An extended experience has taught us that no reliable agency 
can negotiate sales for less than 15 percent, unless under specially advantageous con- 
ditions, and we will not consider propositions from parties at a less rate. 

If parties are not willing to put their patents on the market in such a manner as 
to insure success, we do not wish to deal with them. We are ever willing to make our 
corajyensation contingent upon our success, but we are not willing to pay for the cost 
of printing in addition to the still greater expense of agents' salaries and expenses, 
since the circulars will be at the command of the patentees themselves, and the ad- 
vantages of these circulars finally accrue to their benefit, whether only one State is 
sold, or one-half of the States 

21To^e of procedure. 

If you desire to put your patent in our hands for sale, s^nd us the drawings and 
specifications of your invention, if you have one, stating the amount you ask for the 
invention, by States and as a whole. Upon receipt we will examine the same, and if 
we think it an undesirable invention to j^lace in the market, we will return the drawings 
and specification. If we consider the invention feasible, and think the figures are too 
high, we shall take the liberty to suggest such prices as experience has taught us to 
be most reasonable. If satisfactory to you, we will then send you duplicate copies 
of contract for signature, upon receipt of which you will sign both of them, retain- 
ing one and sending the otlier to us, and we will at once take the necessary steps to 
put the patent into the market. 

models 

In all cases where you nave a model, or more than one, send them to us. We can 
always make quicker and more satisfactory sales by having an article on exhibition. 
Many inventions absolutely require a model for representation before a sale can be 
effected. All mod(4s must l)e sent to us expressage prepaid; otherwise we will not 



28 THE inventor's manual. 

receive them. We do not belong to that class of agents who can make sales without 
models, and where parties will furnish us a number, we can use them to good advan- 
tage. These models are held by us or our agents subject to the order of the patentee, 
and we will, at any time after the expiration of the contract, return them. It is the 
aim of the office to use the models with care and discretion, and agents are so in- 
structed in handling them, but we can not be responsible for the damage or breakage 
of models that have been consigned to our care, if such damage was caused by ex- 
hibiting them to customers, or by shipping from place to place. 

Suggestions for Cransacting Business. 

We suggest the following as rules for transacting your business : 

1. If you have a patent, first determine how you will operate it, whether by sell- 
ing territory, or by manufacturing it yourself or on royalty. 

2. In the event you decide to sell the territory and intend to secure agents, write 
to parties who are engaged in the business and ascertain their standing and relia- 
bility. This course can injure none hut irresponsible agencies^ and is no more than 
justice to yourself. 

3. Indicate what your price is for State rights, or for the territory as a whole. 
Have some price, whatever it may be. Your opinion is worth something. 

4. State, as n-ear as you can, what it will cost to manufacture your article ; also 
selling price. 

5. Give the advantages arising from its use, or the extent of its sale, if it has 
been introduced, and such other information as may aid in determining its probable 
salable value by territory. 

6. Be very particular to make your letters as short as possible and to the point. 
We have neither the time nor inclination to pore over long letters, nor is it necessary 
that we should do so to form an idea of the salability of a patent. 

We want those with whom we transact business to thoroughly understand our 
method and requirements, and to do this we ask you to carefully read over the fore- 
going pages relating to the sale of patents. 



GUIDES FOR ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF 

PATENTS. 



Probably nothing in the patent business is so hard to determine as a basis for the 
valuation of territorial rights. We have always contended that population is no true 
basis for valuation, for wnile in many cases, such as domestic articles, this might 
apply, yet there are other elements which far more than outweigh the supposed con- 
ditions of a similarity in all communities. Thus, for instance, mechanical contriv- 
ances of the higher order, such as mathematical instruments, surveyors' apparatus, 
steam engines, etc., etc., the East is more valuable ; for agricultural implements, the 
West. Then, there are such inventions as appertain solely to the South, among 
which we may name the cotton gin, seeders and presses. Besides this, it must 
be taken into consideration that very many inventions are not of such a nature 
as to make sales of territorial rights a possibility. They usually belong to the larger 
and more expensive inventions, and require large means to operate, or they are of 
such a nature as to form the basis of an. extensive business, the product of which 
will become staple. We advise selling as a whole when it can be done to advantage. 

The most rapid sales are, of course, made of inventions that are small and easily 
handled; (speculative patents,) articles that can be manufactured anywhere. If the 
entire territory is sold in one transaction, it is for a relatively lower price than can 
be obtained if sold by States. This is owing to an aversion to too deep speculation 



THE inventor's MANUAL. 



29 



in patents of that character, even on the part of those who usually make a business 
of patent speculation. Our experience leads us to believe that the number of patent 
speculators is greater than ever, and that individually they are in command of less 
money and less inclined to hazardous investment than formerly. 



TABLE UPON WHICH TO BASE ESTIMATES. 

Compiled from, (he Census of 1890, by O. J. Bailey, 

[Copyrighted 1890.] 



STATES. 



Alabama - 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorada 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts _- 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina - 
North Dakota __. 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island _.. 
South Carolina _ 

South Dakota 

Tennessee 

Texas L 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West Virginia _ _ _ 

Wisconsin 

Wyoining 

Territories 



SQUARE 
MILES. 



51,540 

53,045 

155,980 

103,645 

4,845 

1,960 

54,240 

58,980 

84,290 

56,000 

35,910 

55,475 

81,70U 

40,000 

45,420 

29,895 

9,860 

8,040 

57,430 

79,205 

46,340 

6s,735 

145,310 

76,185 

109,740 

9,005 

7,455 

47,620 

48,580 

74,312 

40,760 

94,560 

44,985 

1,085 

30,170 

76,620 

41,750 

262,290 

9,135 

40,125 

66,880 

24,645 

54,450 

97,575 

387,460 



POPULATION. 



NO. OF 
COUN- 
TIES. 



AVERAGE 

popu'tion 

PER CO. 



1,508,073 
1,125,385 
1,204,002 

410,975 

745,861 

167,871 

390,435 
1,834,366 
84,229 
3,818,536 
2,189,030 
1,906,729 
1,423,485 
1,855,436 
1,116,828 

660,261 
1,040,431 
2,233,407 
2,089,793 
1,300,017 
1,284,887 
2,677,080 

131,769 

1,056,793 

44,327 

375,827 
1,440,017 
5,981,934 
1,617,340 

182,425 
3,666,719 

312,490 
5,248,574 

345,343 
1,147,161 

327,848 
1,763,723 
2,232,220 

332,205 
1,648,911 

349,516 

760,448 

1,683,697 

60,589 

702,548 



Total 2,973,232 



62,480,540 2,752 



66 
75 
53 
55 
8 
3 
45 

137 
18 

102 
92 
99 

106 

119 
59 
16 
24 
14 
83 
80 
74 

115 
17 
88 
14 
10 
21 
60 
96 
49 
88 
31 
67 
5 
35 
56 
96 

222 
14 

100 
34 
54 
68 
12 
72 



22,850 
15,005 
22,717 

7,473 
93,233 
55,957 

8,677 
13,390 

4,679 
37,437 
23,794 
19,259 
13,430 
15,592 
18,930 
41,266 
43,351 
159,529 
25,178 
16,250 
17,363 
23,279 

7,751 
12,009 

3,174 
37,583 
68,573 
99,699 
16,848 

3 723 
41,667 
10,080 
78,337 
69,069 
32,776 

5,855 
18,373 
10,055 
23,729 
16,490 
10,280 
14,082 
24,760 

5,049 

9,758 



22,704 



In making estimates, the advancement in manufacturing, etc., in different sec- 
tions of the country should be taken into consideration. 



3< ) THE inventor's MANUAL. 

To enable inventors to judge somewhat of relative values as between States, we 
give below the order of them, in which 1 is regarded as the l^est, 2 the second best, etc. : 

1. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois. 

2. Missouri, Indiana, Massachusetts. 
8. Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin. 

•4. Minnesota, Georgia, Kansas, New Jersey, Virginia, Texas, Kentucky, Ten- 
nessee, North Carolina, Maryland, California. 

5. Colorado, Alabama, West Virginia, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, South 
Cai'olina. 

6. Arkansas, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont. 

7. Nebraska, Rhode Island, Delaware, Florida. 

8. Oregon, Nevada, District of Columbia. 

9. Territories. 

It must be remembered that tliis scale is subject to the modifications to which 
we have referred ; but the average is a good one. We have not altogether followed 
out the population of the States, but such other elements as our experience lias 
shown us to be valuable in making estimates. 



CINCINNATI AS A PATENT CENTER. 



"The Queen of the West, 
111 lier g-arlands dressed, 

On the banks of the beautiful river." 



Her Urieqilaled Resources, Her iVLagriificerit Prospects. TY\e City Tl:^at 

Is, arid Is to Be, ti^e Greatest Iriddstrial iVLetropolis 

of t]:\e Uriited States. 

We call the attention of patentees to the following: 

Cincinnati is the most prominent central city in the Union. It has unparalleled 
railroad communication with the South as well as with the North and West. 

Cincinnati is a manufacturing center. Her products go to every State and Ter- 
ritory and are specialties in foreign markets. Her manufacturers have been fore- 
most and best known in every industrial exposition throughout the world for the 
past ten years. 

Cincinnati's greatness in every line of industry has Iieen cherished and fostere.d 
by patents, and her business men are therefore not so biased and reserved in exam- 
ining good inventions. 

Cincinnati is emphatically a solid city in point of wealtli and Inisiness activity, 
and offers the grandest field for patent operations of any city in America — we make 
no exceptions. 

Cincinnati's actual population was in the near neighborhootl of 44:9,827 in 1890. It 
now exceeds half a million. 

Cincinnati has more than double the number of industries and more than double 
the number of industrial establishments in proportion to population than Chicago, 
Detroit, Louisville, Cleveland, or probably any other city on this continent. 

Nearly one-third of the population of Cincinnati consists of producers as against 
less than one-fifth of the population of Chicago, Detroit, Louisville and Cleveland. 
That is, over four-fifths (truthful returns would probably make it five-sixths) of the 
])eople of CMcago are middle-men, speculators and other non-producers against two- 
thirds of the peoi)le of Cincinnati, a measure of the comparative resources of the two 
cities. 



THE inventor's MANUAL. 31 

Cincinnati is the paradise of labor, leaving the cheapest provision market and 
the lowest rents on the continent. A larger proportion of employees own their own 
homes than in any considerable city in the world. And there are in Cincinnati 
vastly more thriving building associations, 360 in number, (the "people's banks") 
than in any city in the world. 

The ability of Cincinnati to turn out high grade products cheap, has forced many 
competing cities into the manufacture of shoddy goods. 

Cincinnati, by reason of her central position, her railroads diverging in all direc- 
tibns from the center, and her water-ways, is the most complete, cheapest and best 
distributing center on the continent. 

Cincinnati is the leading iron market on the continent. She produces more iron 
safes and has the largest iron pipe works of any city in America. 

Cincinnati has an abundant and cheap supply of all varieties of soft coal, trans- 
ported by both water and rail. 

Cincinnati is the only great market on the continent for cabinet and other hard 
woods and poplar, for which other cities are largely dependent upon her. 

Cincinnati lias immediately and exclusively tributary to her the only practically in- 
exhaustible supply of cabinet, carriage and other woods, east of the Rocky Mountains. 

Cincinnati is, and must continue to be, in the indefinite future, the only great 
market for chestnut oak bark on the continent. 

Cincinnati is, and must continue to be, the greatest market on the continent for 
oak tanned leather, to which all other tanned leather is inferior. 

Cincinnati's saddlery and harness product is double that of any city on the con- 
tinent. 

Cincinnati has the largest tannery, under one roof, in the world. 

Cincinnati has the great and only White Burley leaf tobacco market on the con- 
tinent. 

Cincinnati has the largest tobacco commission warehouse in the world. 

Cincinnati is the leading and lowest paper mar±cet in the West, affording unlim- 
ited supplies of material for paper industries of all kiqds. 

Cincinnati is a prime market for hemp, flax, wool and cotton, upon which large 
industries are and may be expected to be founded in the future. 

The manufactured products of Cincinnati, of which wood is the chief or only ma- 
terial, are greater in variety and quantity than those of any other city, and she has 
the largest cooperage works in the United States. 

Cincinnati's combined cabinet product of household lurniture, bank and bar fix- 
tures, picture frames and mouldings, wood mantels, etc., exceeds in quantity and 
excels in grade that of any other city on the continent, 

Cincinnati was the pioneer manufacturer of trade furniture in the West, and also 
in later years of bank and bar fixtures, of which she is the largest and only consid- 
erable producer on the continent. 

Cincinnati is the second largest clothing manufacturing market in the United 
States. 

There are manufactured and sold at greater value for the money more vehicles 
in Cincinnati than in any four cities in the world. 

Cincinnati is the largest manufacturer of cigar boxes and cigar box material, and 
has the largest veneer mill in America. 

In Cincinnati wood-working machinery first originated. Of such machines she 
is the largest producer of any city in the world, and ships more of them to Europe 
than all the rest of the United States. In the manufacture and invention of machine 
tools, also, she is a leading city, and among her establishments is one of the largest 
of its kind on the continent. 

Cincinnati is the pioneer manufacturer of laundry machinery, in which she domi- 
nates the country and supplies Europe, and her soap factories are the largest in the 
United States. 



22 THE inventor's manual. 

Cincinnati is the pioneer manufacturer of cigar-making machines, in which she 
dominates the country and supplies the government factories of Europe. 

In Cincinnati was invented and is manufactured tlie only perfect type-making 
machine in the world. 

In Cincinnati is the largest playing-card manufactory in the world, turning out 
40,000,000 packs annually. 

In Cincinnati is the largest school-book publishing house in the United States, 
where a finished book is turned out with every swing of the pendulum of a clock. 

In Cincinnati is located the headquarters of the Methodist Book Concern, that 
prints and issues more religious journals, biographical and other works than any 
concern in the United States. 

Cincinnati's high art lithographic and printing establisliments, as might be ex- 
pected in an art center, are certainly unexcelled. 

In Cincinnati is located one of the three most extensive music publishing houses 
on the continent. 

In Cincinnati originated the manufacture of sifters and mixers to facilitate the 
work of manufacturing chemists, paint naakers, etc., and here is run the only large 
concern of this kind on the continent. 

Cincinnati's public schools now, and in the past, have ranked as models for the 
continent. 

Cincinnati has one of the finest City Halls on the continent, built without even 
a suspicion of jobbery. Her granite and asphalt streets are unsurpassed, and her 
natural drainage, apart from her sewerage system, is unexcelled, and she is the only 
city in the world that has built and owns a great trunk railroad. 

No city on the continent to-day affords such opportunities for the profitable in- 
vestment of capital as Cincinnati, and the speculative capitalist will be wise who an- 
ticipates the coming boom. 

Finally, Cincinnati is the most wonderfully favored city on tliis continent, and 
destined to become the great industrial metropolis of the country. 

Patentees, if you desire,your invention prominently brought before the public, we 
can offer you valuable inducements, and earnestly urge you to carefully read the sug- 
gestions given in the foregoing pages. 



PATENT FORMS. 



Assignment of €nttre ^nkx^si Before J^^^^^ ^f *^^ Patent. 

Whereas, I, A. B., of , County of , State of ■, have invented a certain 

new and useful invention, or improvement in (giving the title of the same), for 

which I am about to make application for letters patent of the United States; and, 
whereas, G. D., of , County of , State of , is desirous of acquiring an inter- 
est in said invention, and in the letters patent to be obtained therefor: 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known that, for and in consid- 
eration of the sum of $ , to me in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby ac- 
knowledged, I, the said A. B., have sold, assigned, transferred, and set over, and by 
these presents do sell, assign, transfer, and set ever unto the said G. D., the full and 
exclusive right to the said invention, as fully described in the specification prepared 
and executed by me preparatory to obtaining letters patent of the United States 
therefor, and I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Patents to issue 
the said letters patent to the said G. D., as the assignee of my entire right, title and 
interest in and to the same, for the sole use and behoof of the said G. D. and his legal 
representatives. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set mv hand and affixed my seal, this 

day of , A. D. 189— . 

In presence of — . A— — B . [.seal.] 

.0 P . 

S ^T . % . . 



THE inventor's MANUAL. 33 

^Issignmcnt of €ntire ^nkmsi in Cetters patent. 

Whereas, I, C. D., of , County of , State of , did obtain letters patent 

of the United States or (mentioning the title of the invention), which letters patent 

are numbered , and bear date the day of , in the year one thousand eight 

hundred and , and, whereas, I am now the sole owner of said patent and of all 

rights under the same ; and, whereas, E. F., of , County of , State of , is de- 
sirous of acquiring the entire interest in the same : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known that for and in consid- 
eration of the sum of $ , to me in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby ac- 
knowledged, I, the said C. D.. have sold, assigned, transferred, and set over, and by 
these presents do sell, assign, transfer, and set over unto the said E. F., all the right, 
title, and interest whatsoever which I have in and to the said improvement in (title), 
and in and to the letters patent therefor aforesaid ; the same to be beld and enjoyed 
by the said E. F., for his own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of his legal 
representatives, to the full end of the term for which said letters patent are, or may 
be, granted (thus including extension), as fully and entirely as the same wovild have 
been held and enjoyed by me had this assignnient and sale not been made. 

In. testimony whereof, — have hereunto set — hand and affixed — seal, this 

day of , A. D. 189—. 

In presence of — C D . [seal.] 

N P . 

O T . 

2ls5ignment of an Unbtrtbeb ^nkxest in Cettcrs patent. 

Whereas, I, L. M., of , County of , State of , did obtain letters patent 

of the United States for (giving title), which letters patent are numbered , and 

bear date the day of , in the year one thousand eight hundred and ; and, 

whereas, D. E., of , County of , State of , is desirous of acquiring an inter- 
est in the same : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known that for and in consid- 
eration of the sum of $ , to me in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby ac- 
knowledged, I, the said L. M., have sold, assigned, transferred, and set over, and by 
these presents do sell, assign, transfer and set over unto the said D. E., the undivided 
one-half part of all the right, title and interest whatsoever which I have in and to the 
said invention, and in .and to the letters patent therefor aforesaid ; the said undivided 
one-half part to be held and enjoyed by the said D. E., for his own use and behoof, 
and for the use and behoof of his legal representatives, to the full end of the term for 
Avhich said letters patent are, or may be, granted (thus including extension), as fully 
and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me had this assign- 
ment and sale not been made. 

In testimony whereof, — have hereunto set — hand and affixed — seal, this 

day of , A. D. 189—. 

In presence of — L M . [seal,.] 

A B . 

A B . 

Assignment of Cerritorial 3Ttterest lifter (Brant of patent. 

Whereas, I, Q,. X., of , County of , State of , did obtain lettei's patent 

of the United States for (giving title), which letters patent are numbered , and 

bear date the day of , in the year one thousand eight hundred and ; and, 

whereas, I am now the sole owner of said patent and of all rights under the same in 

the below recited territory ; and, whereas, W. O., of , County of , State of , 

is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same: 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be it known that for and in consid- 
eration of the sum of $ , to me in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby ac- 
knowledged, I, the said Q. X., have sold, assigned, transferred, and set over, and by 
these presents do sell, assign, transfer, and set over unto the said W. O., all the right, 
title, and interest whatsoever which I have in and to the said invention (or improve- 
ment) as secured to me by said letters patent for, to and in the State of , and for, 

to, or in no other place or places; the same to be held and enjoyed by the said W. 
O. within and throughout the above specified territory, and not elsewhere, for his 
own use and behoof, and for the use and behoof of his legal representatives, to the 
full end of the term for which said letters patent are, or may be granted (thus in- 
cluding extension), as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and en- 
joyed by me therein had this assignment and sale not been made. 



34 THE inventor's manual. 

In testimony whereof, — have hereunto set — hand and affixed — seal, tliis — 

day of , A. D. 189—. 

In presence of — Q X . [seal,.] 

S T . 

R D . 



Ciccnsc — 5I|op Htgl^t 



In consideration of fifty dollars, to be paid by the firm of S. J. & Co., of , in the 

County of , State of , I do hereby license and empower the said S. J. & Co. to 

manufacture in said [or other place agreed upon], the improvement in , for 

which letters patent of the United States, No. , were granted to , dated , 

189 — , and to sell the machines so manufactured throughout the United States, to the 
full end of the term for which said letters patent are granted. « 

Witness my hand this day of — — , 189 — . A B . 



Cicensc — Xlot €yclustt)c — VOxtl^ Royalty, 



This agreement, made this day of , 189 — , between A B , of , ia 

the County of , and State of , party of the first part, and E F & Co., of 

, in the county of , and State of , party of the second part, witnesseth, that 

whereas, letters patent of the United States, No. , for an improvement in , 

were granted to the party of the first part, dated , 189 — ; and, whereas, the party 

of the second part is desirous of manufacturing containing said patented im- 
provement: Now, therefore, the parties have agreed as follows: 

[Here state conditions.] 
In witness whereof, the parties above named have hereunto set their hands the 

day and year first above written, at , in the county of , and State of . 

A B . 

E F — - & Co 



Cransfer of a Crabe XiXait 



We, A B , and X Z , of , in the county of , and State of , 

partners under the firm name of , in consideration of — — dollars to us paid by 

, of the same place, do hereby sell, assign, and transfer to the said and his 

assigns, the exclusive right to use in the manufacture and sale of a certain trade 

mark for , deposited by us in the United States Patent Office and recorded therein 

, 189 — ; the same to be held, enjoyed and used by the said as fully and en- 
tirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by us if this grant had notbeeH. 
made. % 

Witness our hands this day of , 189 — . A B . 

X Z . 



PRICES FOR PRINTED PATENT BLANKS. 

We make a specialty of printed forms or blanks for every description of patent 
business. These blanks are strictly in conformity with the Patent Office rules; are 
printed on good paper and furnished at the very lowest prices, which are given 
below : 

Assignments. — Including Exclusive Grant, State Rights, County Rights, and 
Prior to Issue of Patent: 3 for 10 cents; 25 for 75 cents; 100 for $2.00. 

License with Royalty (double sheet). — Exclusive or Not Exclusive: 2 for 10' 
cents; 25 for $1.00; 100 for $8.50. 

Shop and Farm Right License. — i for 10 cents; 25 for 50 cents ; 100 for $1.50. 

PowEE OF Attorney — Trade Mark Transfers. — 3 for 10 cents; 25 for 75. 
t*ents; 100 for $2.00. 

We prepay postage. Special forms printed to order at reasonable rates. 



THE inventor's manual. 35 

ENGRAVINGS. 



It seems like folly for an inventor, after having expended months of time and 
considerable money to perfect and patent an invention, to have his fond hopes 
©rushed out by a little, insignificant, cheap burlesque of an illustration, when, by a 
very small additional expense, a first class wood engraving could be made that would 
be attractive and in every way invite the attention of the public, which it would ut- 
terly fail to do if it looks "cheap and common." It is undoubtedly true that many 
really meritorious inventions are condemned because the engravings do not properly 
represent them. A nicely shaded and tinted wood engraving will always give a bet- 
ter idea of the construction of a machine, and, in this age, all first class business men 
acknowledge the value of first class engravings by adapting them to represent their 
goods in every case where it is practicable. If you desire to give an invention a good 
start on the market, business methods must be used that are up with the times; 
therefore, if you have not already ordered a first class wood engraving, to properly 
present your invention to the public, be sure to have one made. Let this be the first 
step toward giving you an advantage in the market. 

It is very desirable in the case of many patents that an engraving should be sup- 
plied to enable us to fully and clearly present it to customers. The cost of engravings 
varies so much that it is hard to arrive at a good basis for calculation. Engravings 
are of two kinds — sectional, which represent cross views, or cutaway portions to show 
interior construction ; and perspective, which represent the external appearance of 
the object. Generally, sectional engravings are cheaper, but the perspective views 
are more comprehensive. 

The prices vary with the subject. Size is not an indication of price so much as 
the subject itself. We execute orders for engravings promptly and at most reasona- 
ble figures. The engravers in our employ are the most experienced in this country, 
and the quality of the work will speak for itself. You can have cuts of your patent 
laiade by simply forwarding a model with a statement of the position in which it 
should be shown, or we will use our own judgment in the matter if requested. All 
cuts are extra above the cost of the circulars and descriptions named in our circular 
©f terms. 



TESTIMONIALS. 



A WONDERFUL BUSINESS— A VISIT TO THE LARGEST 
PATENT OFFICE IN AMERICA. 

From Cincinnati Times-Star: As noted in another, column, the American Pat- 
ent Agency, of this city, has removed its offices to the new and elegant quarters, No. 
92 West Fourth street, directly opposite the entrance to the new Chamber of Com- 
merce building. The removal of the models and effects of this establishment occu- 
pied nearly ten days, and this fact, coupled with the extraordinary variety of ma- 
chines of quaint and curious design, led our reporter to make an investigation. 

The new offices now cover two entire floors, each 25 x 100 feet, and are in the most 
prominent portion of the city, accessible by stairways from both Fourth and Vine 
streets, and by elevator on Vine street. 

The proprietors are well known as energetic patent attorneys, and as such have 
built up an immense business in this line. The mere fact that they have about forty 
elerks and experts constantly in their employ, and a pay roll of over $400 per week, 
is the best evidence of their success. 

The business consists in procuring and selling patents. Within the past three 
years it has grown to such proportions that change of quarters became necessary, and 
resulted in procuring the present location. 



26 THE inventor's manual. 

The firm has an office in Washington City, and also in London, Berlin, Vienna, 
Paris, and Melbourne, Australia. Within the past year they have procured patents 
in nearly every country on the globe, where patents are obtainable, so that the for- 
eign soliciting forms a very important part of the business. 

In addition £o the soliciting business, they have a special department devoted to 
the sale of patents and placing them on royalty. In this the firm has been so suc- 
cessful that they make a standing challenge to prove that they have disposed of more 
patents during the past five years than all the other patent agencies in the United 
States combined. This is certainly a record to be proud of. It is conceded that the 
peculiar character of the business makes success a doubtful thing with the majority 
of those who engage in it, but the record of this Agency for prompt and fair dealing, 
and the unequaled success of its operations, make it indeed a notable concern and 
worthy of patronage. 

[Since the above was published, the increasing business has necessitated securing 
still larger quarters, and we now occupy the entire building above the ground floor, 
73 West Fifth St., {Fountain Square,) consisting of four entire floors 25x90 feet. 
Even this space is cramped, and we contemplate, in the near future, putting up a 
building suited to our purposes.] 

From Western Tobacco Journal (Cincinnati, O.): Having occasion to pass by 
the above institution the other day, we called in to ascertain what was "new under 
the sun," in the way of inventions, and to see what new ideas had been demonstrated 
in a practical form. From the number of models in the model room of this Agency 
one would be led to suppose that a section of the U. S. Patent Office had been re- 
moved to this city. The inventions there exhibited embrace articles of every de- 
scription in mechanics, and it would be difficult — in fact, impossible — to give any 
idea of the variety. They also give special attention to soliciting patents in this 
country and are prepared to obtain patents in all European countries through agents 
located in the principal countries. 

In addition to this they publish the American Inventor [now The World's 
Progress], which has from forty to sixty pages filled with original engravings and 
devoted to the interests of inventors who desire to dispose of their patents, and to 
science and the mechanical arts. We cheerfully recommend this Agency. 



From Southern Agriculturist (Louisville, Ky.): This well knOwn firm is exten- 
sively engaged in procuring and selling patents, and we were :qpally surprised at the 
extent and magnitude of the business, reaching, as it does, from Maine to California, 
having over forty branch offices established, besides traveling agents of experience 
and ability. With these facilities brought to bear upon a patent, it is safe to say that 
something effective can be done in the way of bringing it to public notice. Another 
feature of this firm is its method of conducting business. Before a patent is taken 
for sale, it is thoroughly examined by experts to ascertain its practical features and 
consequent salable value, and no patent is handled unless of such a nature as to in- 
sure a sale of some kind within the specified contract time. Their great success can, 
undoubtedly, be attributed to the care and attention given- to the selection of pat- 
ents. 

In the soliciting department they have been very successful, and judging from. 
the nature of the cases which they have prosecuted before the Patent Office, we feel 
free in saying that inventors can rely upon their ability and skill in securing claims. 
This combination of the selling department with the soliciting departinent is a new 
feature in the patent business, and gives inventors a double advantage. 



From Independent Record (Cincinnati, O.): To successfully sell patents, it not 
only requires legal knowledge, but a good, sound judgment as to the value of each 
individual invention. From what we can learn, the leading officers of the company 
are qualified with the desired elenlents in an unusual degree ; they have also the con- 
fidence of our leading merchants, being indorsed by the most prominent gentlemen 
in our midst, therefore it will be seen that patentees need have no fear of intrusting 
their inventions to the American Patent Agency. 

This company has agencies in the principal cities of the Union, and ma'ny travel- 
ing agents are employed in the districts where these branch agencies do not exist. 
From a glance at the Home Office, which is located at 73 West Fifth street, the vis- 
itor is impressed by the number of models displayed that the business is in a flour- 
ishing condition. 



STATE LAWS REGULATING STOCK 
COMPANIES. 



The American Patent Agency will prepare papers for incorporating companies in 
ahy State in the United States, and in a number of States we are in a position to 
maintain an office and act as resident agents for corporations doing business in other 
States. Competent counsel are employed who have a thorough knowledge of corpo- 
ration laws. Properly drafted minutes of stockholders' and directors' meetings are 
furnished. Charges moderate. 

We are prepared to furnish a complete synopsis of the corporation laws, mode of 
procedure and forms for petitions in every State and Territory of the United States 
and of all the Latin countries of North and South America, also of many of the Euro- 
pean, countries. Charges for this information will be iBoderate. 

The following is a summary of some important features governing corporations 
for profit in some of the States : 

mxv rjorf. 

In New York, capital stock not limited. One-half of full amount of stock must be 
subscribed and 10 percent of subscriptions paid up, before business may be trans- 
acted. Duration : when not specified in the charter, may exist indefinitely ; but lim- 
ited to fifty years when specified. State fees: incorporation fee, $10; nominal fees 
for recording and a tax of one-eighth of 1 percent upon the total amount of capital 
stock ; these must be paid before any business may be transacted. A majority of the 
incorporators must be residents of the State and at least two-thirds of them citizens 
of the United States. The liability of stockholders is regulated by circumstances. 

Corporations are perpetual unless limited by their charter. There inust be at least 
five incorporators, a majority being residents of the State. The amount of paid-up 
stock is not fixed, but at least 10 percent of the stock must be subscribed. Stock may 
consist of common and preferred or both. State fee $10, if $10,000 or under, and $1 
for every $1,000 in excess of $10,000. Stockholders are liable for debts of the corpora- 
tion in double the amount of the stock owned by him. 

^(^nnsylvanxa. 

Five, or more persons may form a corporation, three of whom must be citizens of the 
State. Notice must be published once a week for three weeks in two papers, of in- 
tention to apply for charter. Before business can be commenced, 10 percent of the 
capital stock must be paid up in cash. State fees from $30 to $45, including fee for 
filing statement. A company organized under the act of 1874 shall pay to the State 
Treasurer a bonus of one-quarter of 1 percent upon the whole amount of the capital 
stock, in two equal installments; the first installment payable at time of incorpora- 
tion and the second one year after. Liability: Incorporations embraced under Class 
II., the directors are jointly and severally liable to the extent of the excess of indebt- 
edness over the amount of the capital stock ; the shareholder, to the amount of the 
unpaid portion of his stock. 

Connecticut , ' 

Number of persons required to form a company, three or inore. Articles of incorpo- 
ration must be published at full length, once, in the county. Twenty percent of the 
stock must be paid in cash to begin business. No limit to amount of capital. State 
fee nominal. (H7) 



38 THE inventor's manual. 

Organization may be effected by three or more persons. Capital requirements, not 
less than $2,000. Period of existence, 50 years, with provision for extension. No re- 
quirement as to amount of paid-up capital to begin business. State fees, $25, up to 
$100,000; in excess of that amount, 20 cents per $1,000. The laws are very favorable 
to cori)orations. 

California. 

Ai'ticles of incorporation must be filed in the county where located and with the Sec- 
retary of State. Must be five or more incorporators and a majority residents of the 
State. Limited to fifty years. Amount of paid-up stock not specified. State fees 
$15 to $20. Shareholders are proportionately liable for debts and directors specially 
liable. All holdings of corporations taxed. 

ZHassacl^usetts. 

Capital requirements, not less than $5,000 nor more than $1,000,000 for manufacturing 
purposes, to be paid in, in cash or property ; must be fully paid up. State fees not less 
than $5 nor more than $200. Liability of shareholders depends upon special conditions 
and character of the charter. 

3nbiana. 

Persons, three or more. Maximum duration, 50 years. Stock must be fully paid up 
within 18 months. State fees: $10,000 stock, $10; over $10,000, one-tenth of 1 percent 
of total capital stock. Recording fee additional. Liability single or double, accord- 
ing to kind of company. 

3ninois. 

The petitioners are appointed by the Secretary of State as commissioners to open 
books of subscription to captial stock. When the stock is fully subscribed, a meet- 
ing is held of subscribers and organization effected. Incorporators need not be resi- 
dents of the State, but the principal ofRce must be located there. No limit to capital 
stock. Maximum duration, 99 years. State fee, $25. Recordij^ig from $1.50 to $5.00. 
Stockholder is liable for debts of corporation to amount of the unpaid portion of his 
stock. 

2llabama. 

Corporations may be formed for any class of business purposes. The incorporators 
need not be residents of the State. No limit is fixed for the existence of manufac- 
turing corporations. The State fees are graded from $25 upward, according to amounts 
of capital stock. Fifty percent of the stock must be subscribed and 20 percent actu- 
ally paid in. Corporations are taxed same as individuals. Stockholders are liable 
to the amount of their unpaid subscriptions to stock. 

21rfansti5. 

Any number of persons not less than three may form a company. Residence not re- 
quired. No special amount of paid-up stock necessary. Installments subject to call 
by directors by agreement. No limit to duration. State fee, $25; amendments, $10. 
Taxes same as of individuals. Foreign coi'porations must have place of business in 
the State and resident agents. 

Colorabo. 

Three or more incorporators are required, and they need not be residents of State or 
the United States. Minimum State fee, $10. Duration limited to twenty years, but 
may be extended. Stockholders are liable to the amount unpaid upon their stock. 
Manufacturing corporations not taxed by the State. Special laws relating to foreign 
corporations. 



THE inventor's manual. 39 

Pirginta. 

Charters are obtained from the Circuit or Corporation Court or in vacation from tlie 
Judge of either. The term of manufacturing company is limited to 30 years, but 
after 15 years may be repealed by the legislature. State fees are nominal, but a tax 
graduated according to the amount of capital stocli is payable. Stockholders are 
liable only for amount of stock subscribed for by them. Foreign corporations have 
all the privileges and disabilities of domestic corporations, but such corporations are 
required to have an office within the State. 

Company may be formed by three or more persons, a majority of whom must be act- 
ual residents of the State. Limit of duration, 20 years. Ten percent of capital stock 
must be paid up before commencing business. State fees, $30 to $50. The original 
subscriber to stock remains liable for debts of the company to the amount that may 
be unpaid upon stock he subscribed for. 



INSIGNIFICANT ORIGIN OF GREAT WORKS. 

It is not the tools that make the workman, but the trained skill and perseverance 
•f the man himself. Some one asked Opic by what wonderful process he mixed his 
eolors. "I mix them with my brains, sir," was tlie reply. It is the same with every 
workman who would excel. 

Ferguson made marvelous things — such as his wooden clock, that actually meas- 
ured the hours, by means of a common penknife, a tool in everybody's hand, but 
then everybody is not a Ferguson. 

A pan of water and two thermometers were the tools by which Dr. Black discov- 
ered latent heat; and a prisixi, a lens, and a sheet of pasteboard enabled Newton to 
unfold the composition of light and the origin of color. 

An eminent foreign savant once called upon Dr. Wollastoh, and requested to be 
shown over his laboratory, in which science had been enriched with so many impor- 
tant discoveries, when the doctor took him into a little study, and pointed to an old 
tea tray on the table, containing a few watch glasses, test papers, a small balance, 
andta blow pipe, and said: "There is all the laboratory I have." 

Stockhardt learned the art of combining colors by closely studying butterflies' 
wings; he would often say no one knew how much he owed to these tiny insects. 

A burnt stick and a barn door served Wilkie in lieu of pencil and canvas. 

Bewick first practiced drawing on the cottage walls of his native village, which 
he covered with his sketches in chalk; and Benjamin West made his first brushes 
out of the cat's tail. 

Ferguson laid himself down in the fields at night in a blanket, and made a map 
of the heavenly bodies, by means of a thread with small beads on it, stretched be- 
tween his eyes and the stars. 

Franklin first robbed the thunder cloud of its lightning by means of a kite with 
two cross sticks and a silk handkerchief. 

Watt made his first model of the condensing steam engine out of an old anato- 
mist's syringe, used to inject the arteries previous to dissection. 

Giflord worked his first problem in mathematics, when a cobbler's apprentice, 
upon small scraps of leather which he beat smooth for the purpose, while Ritten- 
house, the astronomer, first calculated eclipses on his i)low handle. 



40 THE inventor's MANUAL. 

(El^ronologtcal ^tstorY of Di5Cor>erY anb progress, 

1180 — Glass first used for windows. 

1200 — Mariner's Compass first used. 

1234 — Coal first dug for fuel. 

1240 — Spectacles invented. 

1302 — Paper first made from linen rags. 

1320 — Gunpowder invented. 

1436 — Printing invented. 

1457 — Almanacs first printed by Purback, in Vienna. Newspaper, first in the world 

issued, called The Gazette, printed at Nuremburg. 
1462 — Metal Type in matrices first made by Peter Schcefifer, at Nuremburg. Bible 

first printed, at Mentz. 
1471 — Printing Press first set up, by Caxton. 
1476 — Watches first made at Nuremburg. 

1517 — The True System of the Universe, discovered by Copernicus 
1527 — Wood Engraving invented by Albert Durer. 
1545 — Modern Needles first came into use. 
1555 — Wheeled Carriages first vised in France. 

1559 — Steel Knives first used in England, and Coaches introduced about the same time. 
1568 — Clocks first made in England. 
1590 — Telescopes were invented, and the first was probably used in England in 1608. 

Spencer, Shakespeare, Bacon, Kepler, Tycho Brahe, were contemporaries in 

this year. 
1650 — First Air Pumps manufactured. 

1711 — Piano-forte invented by Father Wood, an English monk at Rome. 
1736 — Union Fire Company, Philadelphia, organized December 7th, the flrsfevolunteer 

fire company in America, and probably in the world. 
1777 — ^American Flag adopted by Congress. 

1783 — Balloon ascension first made, June 5th, near Lyons, France. 
1786 — Vessel navigated first by steam, Philadelphia, July 20th, by John Fitch. 
1787 — Copper Cent first coined at New Haven, Conn. ♦ 

1803— Steel Pens first made. 
1811 — Lead Pencils first made in the United States, by William Munroe, at Concord, 

Mass. 
1816 — Pins first manufactured in the United States. 
1826 — Kerosene first used for illuminating purposes. Railroad, first in United States, 

extended from granite quarries at Quincy, Mass., to Neponset River, three 

miles. Now nearly 100,000 miles in the United States. 
1828 — Passenger Railroad, first in America opened, the Baltimore & Ohio. 
1832 — Telegraph invented by Morse. 
1838 — Telegraph Wire of any practical importance first in England, was laid from 

Paddington to West Drayton; the first in Scotland in 1841; and in Ireland 

1854. 
1838 — Passenger Steamships began regular voyages across the Atlantic ; the Sims, 

from London tb New York, in 17 days, and the Great Western, from Bristol 

to New York, in 15 days. 
1839 — Envelopes first used for letters, etc. 
1846 — Sewing Machine patented, by Elias Howe. 
1848 — Gold first discovered in California. - 
1858 — Cable Dispatches first sent across Ocean. 
1877 — Telephone first put into public use. Plionograpli, Edison's, first brought to 

public attention. 
1884 — Discovery of Cocoaine, the most remarkable of anaesthetics. 
1885 — The Bartholdi Statue erected upon Bedloe's Island, New York. 



VALUABLE INFORMATION 

— FOR — 

INVENTORS, MECHANICS, FARMERS, MERCHANTS, 

— AXD FOR — 

ALL OTHER TRADES AKD PROFESSIONS. 



Business iavos in Brief. 



Ignorance of the law excuses none. 
It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 
The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 
An agreement without consideration is void. 
Signatures made with lead pencil are good in law. 
A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. 
The acts of one partner bind all the others. 
' A contract made with a minor is invalid. 
A contract made with a lunatic is void. 
Contracts for advertising in Sunday newspapers are invalid. 

Each individual in a partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the debts of the firm. 
Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. 
Agents are responsible to their principals for errors. 
A note given by a minor is void 

It is not legally necessary to say on a note "for value received." 
A note drawn on Sunday is void. 

A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in a state of intoxication, can not be collected. 
If a note be lost or stolen, it does not release the maker ; he must pay. 

The indorser of a note is exempt from liability if not served with notice of its dishonor within 
twenty-four hours of its non-payment. 



Dalue of foreign BToneY on a (5oIb Basis. 



Pound sterling, England $ 4 84 

Guinea, do 5 0.5 

, Crown, do 1 21 

Shilling, do 22 

Napoleon, of France 3 84 

Five Francs, do 93 

Franc, do 18 

Thaler, of Saxony 68 

Guilder, of Netherlands 40 

Ducat, of Austria 2 28 

Florin, do 48 

Doubloon, of Spain 15 54 

Cables of IPeigl^ts anb measures. 

TROY WEIGHT. 

24 grains 1 pennyweight, 20 pennyweights 1 ounce. 
By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only are 
weighed. The ounce and pound in this are the same 
as in Apothecaries' weight. 

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 

20 grains 1 scruple, 3 scruples 1 dram, S drams 1 
ounce, 12 ounces 1 pound. 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT. 

16 drams 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pound. 25 pounds 1 
quarter, 4 quarters 100 weight, 2,000 pounds 1 ton. 

DRY MEASURE. 

2 pints 1 quart, 8 quarts 1 peck, 4 pecks 1 bushel, 36 
bushels 1 caldron. 

LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 

4 gills 1 pint, 2 pints 1 quart, 4 quarts 1 gallon, 31 J-^ 
gallons 1 barrel, 2 barrels 1 hogshead. 

TIME MEASURE. 

60 seconds 1 minute, 60 minutes 1 hour, 24 hours 1 
day, 7 days 1 week. 4 weeks 1 lunar month, 28,29. 30 or 
31 days 1 calendar month (30 days 1 month in com- 
puting interest), 52 weeks and 1 day (or 12 calendar 
months) 1 year ; 365 days, 5 hours. 48 minutes and 49 
seconds 1 solar year. 

CLOTH MEASURE. 

2}4 inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 yard. 



Real, of Spain $ 05 

Five Rubles, of Russia 3 95 

Ruble, do 75 

Franc, of Belgium 18 

Ducat, of Bavaria 2 27- 

Franc, of Switzerland 18 

Crown, of Tuscany 1 06 

Ten Thalers, of Germanv 7 90 

TenMark, do " 2 38 

Krone, (crown) do 6 64 

Twenty Mark, do 4 76 

Twenty Lire, of Italy ; 3 84 



CIRCULAR MEASURE. 

60 seconds 1 minute, 60 minutes 1 degree, 30 degrees 
1 sign, 90 degrees 1 quadrant, 4 quadrants (or 380 de- 
grees) 1 circle. 

LONG MEASURE— DISTANCE. 

3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches 1 foot, 3 feet 1 yard, 
b}4 yaids 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

3 inches 1 palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 6 inches Ispan, 18 
inches 1 cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit, 2% feet 1 
military pace. 

SQUARE MEASURE. 

144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square feet 1 square 
yard, 3034 square yards 1 square rod, 40 square rods 1 
rood, 4 roods 1 acre. 

SURVEYOBS' MEASURE. 

7.92 inches 1 link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 rods 1 chain, 10 
square chains (or 160 square rods) 1 acre, 640 square 
acres .1 square mile. 

CUBIC MEASURE. 

1.728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot, 27 cubic feet 1 cubic 
yard, 128 cubic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 cubic feet 1 ton 
(shipping), 2150.42 cubic inches 1 standard bushel, 
268..8 cubic inches 1 standard gallon, 1 cubic footfour- 
lifths of a bushel. 



42 



THE INVENTOR S MANUAL. 



Cl^e ZHetric System of IPeigl^ts anb ZHcasurcs, 

With Equivalents in U. S. Standards for Eeady Keference. 
MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



Millimeter (.001 meter) 0.03937 inches. 

Centimeter (.01 meter) 0.39371 " 

Decimeter (.1 meter) 3.93708 " 

Meter(unit) 39.3708 " or 3.2809 feet. 

Decameter (10 meters) 32.809 feet or 10.9363 varrlf-. 

Hectometer (100 meters) 328.09 " 109.3633" •• 

Kilometer (1,000 meters) 1,093.68 yards, or 0.62138 miles. 

Myriameter (10,000 meters) 10,936.33 " or 6.21382 ' 



MEASURES OF AREA. 



Oentiare (.01 are or square meter) 1.1960 square yards=1.550 square inches. 

Are (square decameter and unit) 119.6033 square yards or 4.0247 acres= 3.9536 p. 

Decare (10 ares) 1,196.033 square yards or 0.247 acres=39.536 p. 

Hectare (100 ares) : 11,960.33 square yards or 2.471 acres=2 a. 1 r. 35.376 p. 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 

METRIC DENOMINATIONS. 



Milliliter 

Centiliter 

Deciliter 

Liter 

Decaliter 

Hectoliter 

Kiloliteror stere 



0.001 of a liter. 


0.01 


of a liter. 


0.1 


of a liter. 


1 


liter. 


10 


liters. 


iro 


liters. 


,coo 


liters. 



1 cubic centimeter. 
10 cubic centimeters. 
.1 cubic decimeter. 

1 cubic decimeter. 
10 cubic decimeters. 
.1 cubic meter. 

1 cubic meter. 



* 
en(;lish equivalents. 


UNITFD STATES 
LIQUID MEASURE. 


Milliliter 


0.00704 gills. 
0.0704 gills. 
0.704 gills. 
1.761 qts. 
2.201 galls. 
2.751 bus. 
27.512 bus. • 


0,061027 cubic in. 

0.610271 cubic in. 

6.102705 cubic in.. 

61.027052 cubic in. 

610.270515 cubic in. 

6,102.705152 cubic in. 

61.027.051519 cubic in. 


0.27 fluid drams. 




338 fluid oz. 


Deciliter 


0.845 gill. 




1.0567 quart. 
2.6417 galls. 




Hectoliter 

Kiloliter or stere 


26.417 galls. 
264.17 galls. 







WEIGHTS. 



METRIC DENOMINATION'S AND VALUES. 


Equivalent in 
Denominations in 


Names. 


Number of 1 Weight of What Quantity of 
Grams. 1 Water at Maximum Density. 


Use. 
Avoirdupois. 


Milligram 


0.001 
0.01 
0.1 
1 

10 

100 

1,000 

10,000 

100,000 

1,000,000 


1 cdbic millimeter, 
10 cubic millimeters, 

.1 cubic centimeter, 

1 cubic centimeter, 
10 cubic centimeters, 

1 deciliter. 

1 liter. 
10 liters. 

1 hectoliter. 

1 cut)ic meter. 


0154gr. 




0,1543 gr. 




1,5432 gr. 


Gram 


15.482 gr. 




0.3527 oz. 


Hectogram » 


3,5274 oz. ' 




2,2046 lbs. 


Myriagrwin 


22,046 lbs. 




220.46 lbs. 


Millier or ton 


2 204.6 Ibfi. 







THE inventor's manual. 43 



QuantttY of Seeb Hequireb to plant an ^crc. 

KIND OF SEED. QUANTITY. KIND OF SEED. QUANTITY. 

Asparagus in 11 inch drills 10 quarts Grass, rye 20 quarts 

Asparagus plants, 4 by IJ^feet 8,000 Lettuce, in rows 2%ieet 3 pounds 

Barley 2^ bushels Lawn grass 35 pounds 

Beans, bushel, in drills 2>^feet 1% bushels Melons, water, in hills 8 by 8 feet 3 pounds 

Beans, pole, Lima, 4 by 4 feet 20 quarts Melons, citrons, in hills 4 by 4 feet 2 pounds 

Beans, Carolina, prolific, etc., 4 by 3 feet 10 quarts Oats 2 bushels 

Beets and mangold, drills, 23^ feet 9pounds Onion, in beds for sets 50 pounds 

Broom corn m drills 12 pounds Onions, in rows for large bulbs 7 pounds 

Cabbage, outside, for transplanting 12 ounces Parsnip, in drills2)4feet 5 pounds 

Cabbage, sown In frames 4ounces Pepper, plants, 2%\}y Ifoot. 17,500 

Carrot, in drills, 2>^ feet 4 pounds Pumpkin, inhillsS by 8 feet 2 quarts 

Celery, seed Bounces Parsley, in drills 2 feet 4 pounds 

Celery, plant 4 by ^ feet i 25,000 Peas, in drills, short varieties 2 bushels 

Clover, white Dutch 13 pounds Peas, in drills, tall varieties ♦ 1 to \}4, bushels 

eiover. Lucerne 10 pounds Peas, broadcast 3 bushels 

. Clover, Alsike 6 pounds Potatoes 8 bushels 

Clover, large red with timothy 12 pounds Radish, in drills 2 feet 10 pounds 

Clover, large red without timothy 16 pounds Rye, broadcast X% bushels 

Corn, sugar 10 quarts Rye, drilled xy^ bushels 

Corn, field 8 quarts Squash, bushel, in hills 4 by 4 feet 3 pounds 

Corn, salad, drill 10 inches 25 pounds Turnips, in drills 2 feet 3 pounds 

Cucumber, in hills 3 quarts Turnips, broadcast 3 pounds 

Flax broadcast .-20 quarts Tomatoes, in frames 3 ounces 

Grass, tiinothy with clover 6 quarts Tomatoes, seed in hills 3 by 3 feet Bounces 

Grass, timothy without clover 10 quarts Tomatoes, plants 3,*00 

Grass, orchard 25 quarts Wheat, in drills IJ^ bushels 

Grass, red top or heads 20 quarts Wheat, broadcast 2 bushels 

Grass, blue 28 quarts 

Sctenttftc 3tems of 3i^tercst, 

A gallon of water "U. S. Standard" weighs 8>g pounds and contains 231 cubic inches. 

A cubic foot of water weighs 62}^ pounds and contains 7)^ gallons. 

Each nominal horse power of boilers requires 1 cubic foot of water per hour. 

In calculating horsepower of steam boilers, consider for tubular or flue boilers 15 square feet of heating 
surface equivalent to one horse power. 

Condensing engines require from 20 io 25 gallons of water to condense the steam evaporated from one gal- 
lon of water. 

To find the pressure per pounds per square inch of a column of water, multiply the height of the column in 
feet by 434. Approximately, every foot of elevation is equal to y^ pound per square in. h pressure. 

To find the capacity of a pump cylinder in gallons, multiply the area in inches by the length of the stroke 
In inches, which will give the total number of cubic inches ; divide this amount by 231 (which is the cubical 
contents of a gallon in inches) and the product is the capacity of the pump cylinder in gallons. 

The ordinary rate to run pumps is a piston speed o ; 100 feet per minute. 

To find the quantity of water elevated by a pump in one minute, with a piston speed of 100 feet per minn e, 
square the diameter of water cylinder in inches and multiply by 4. Example; Capacity of a 5 inch cylinder is 
desired, the square of the diameter (5 inches) is 25, which, multiplied by 4, gives 100, the number of gallonsper 
minute (approximately). 

To fini the diameter ' f a pump cylinder to move a given quantity of water per minute (piston speed being 
100 feet per minute), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the result will be 
the diameter in inches. 

To find I he velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of water in a given time, mul- 
tiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144, and divide (he product by the area of pipe in inches. 

To find the area of a required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given, multiply the number of 
cubic feet of water by 144, and divide the product by the velocity of the water in feet. The area being found, 
it is easy to get the diameter of pipe necessary. 

The area of a steam piston multiplied by the steam pressure gives the total amount of pressure exerted. 
The area of the water piston multiplied by the pressure of water per square inch gives the resistance. A mar- 
gin must be made between the power a d resistance to move the piston at the required speed, usually reck- 
oned about 50 percent. 



f)orD io Hemooe Ctn from Copper Pessels. 



Immerse the article in a solution of blue vitriol. To remove tin from plates without acid, boil the scrap 
tin with soda lye in presence of litharge. 



NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF PARTIES FOR WHOM 
THIS AGENCY HAS PROCURED PATENTS. 



E. Beniinghaus, Cincinnati, Chairs (Four Patents). 

R. Forward, Cincinnati, Car Coupling. 

James G. Henderson, Cincinnati, Design Patent. 

S. Newman, Cincinnati, Display Stand. 

S. Kehlenbeck, Cincinnati, Baby Carrier. 

Jacob Rubsam, New York, N. Y., Fire Escape. 

A. Caywood, Ithaca, Ohio, Stove. 

W. Winkless, Newport, Ky., Elevator. 

G. W. Lishawa, Hartwell, Ohio, Railroad Time Table. 

C. V. Fleetwood, Cincinnati, Stove. 

T. Lee, Cincinnati, Freight Car, Cooker, Peanut Roaster. 

H. Jeffrey, Ludlow, Ky., Switches. 

J. Skardon, Cincinnati, Darning Attachment for Sewing Machines. 

C. E. Frick, Cincinnati, Ice Cream Freezer. 

C. Heinemann, Hammond, Ind., Scaffolding. 

J. G. Wallace, Chicago, 111., Return Postal Card. 

Feneran & Milks, Machias, N. Y., Hay Knife. 

C. Buerling, Cincinnati, Shutter Opener. 

S. A. White, Harrisburg, Pa., Bicycle. 

C. E. Kister, Cincinnati, Cushion Former. 

E. J. Kidd, Cincinnati, Pail Cover, 
M. Bruner, Buckland, Ohio, Harrow. 

F. P. Burkhardt, Chelan, Wash., Mortise Lock. 

John Braithwaite, Winchester, Canada, Loose Pulh^v Oiler. 

WoodrufE & Bellew, Hartwell, Ohio, Thill Support. 

F. H. Farnham, Cincinnati, Buggy Top. 

P. Davis, Cincinnati, Damper Regulator. 

M. B. Moore, Morgan, Ky., Marking Pen. 

John Fleming, Houghton, Mich., Roller Bearing. 

W. B. Bust, Dunedin, New Zealand, Puzzle. 

M. L. Rogers, Exeter, Neb., Sulky Harrow. 

P. H. Quinn, Salamanca New York, Belt Tightener. 

William Dickman, Cincinnati, Watchmaker's Tool. 

Nick Letzler, Napoleon, Ind., Fire Escape. 

C. W. King, Kalamazoo, Mich., Portable Boat. 

F. V. Knauss, Portsmoufh, Ohio, Fire Box and Stove. 
P. J. Hanley, Amesburg, Mass., Vehicle Brake. 
Grosch, Allenberg & Buerling, Cincinnati, Shutter Opener. 

G. F. Davis, Black Pine, Montana, Churn. 
C. H. Davis, Chenoa, 111., Ventilated Hat. 

C. H. Snyder, Percival, Iowa, Car Coupling. 

D. Whitburn, London, England, Puzzle. 

Kem & Frederick, Purcell, I. T., Photograph Washer. 
W. P. Burke, Edina, Mo., Band Cutter. 
A. C. Wickham, Carthage, Mo., Cultivator. 
R. Fullerton, Martin, Tenn., Traction Engine. 
-J. V. Hotchkiss, Jay, Ind., Saw. 
G. E. MeCune, Harveysburg, Ohio, Planter. 

E. O. C. Ord, Fort Keogh, Montana, Gun Sight. 
S. J. Ford, Placerville, Cal., Car Coupling. 
John T. Spivey, Faii'view, W. Va., Chimney Top. 
S. D. Gray, Carbondale, Colo., Gardener's Stool. 
H. Kehlenbeck, Pleasant, Ind., Saw. 

Ruff Brewing Co., Quincy, 111., Trade Mark. 

John H. Wheeler, Saugatuck, Mich., Musical Instrument. 

J. B. Hogan, North Adams, Mass., Air Brake. 

J. J. Burwell, Covington, Ky., Locomotive Boiler. 

T. J. Hathaway, Montevallo, Mo., Seed Planter. 

William Crook, Sr., Winnipeg, Canada, Motor. 

E. H. Truman, Wilmington, Del., Puzzle. 

D. Peters, Cincinnati, Tobacco Pipe. 



THE inventor's manual. 45 

Oeorge Piddington, New Zealand, Rim Lock. 

W. B. Lawrence^ Columbus, Ohio, Printing Press. 

O.W. Newcomb, Welda, Kan,, Mail Box. 

J. G. Wiegand, Stockton, 111., Metal Roof, 

J. A. Elliott, Cincinnati, Velocipede and Stovepipe Joint. 

R. N. Reed, Covington, Ky., Camera and Clothes Drier. 

N. B. Marston, Lebanon, N. H., Floor Clamp. 

N. B. Gibson, Thorps Springs, Tex., Fire Screen. 

Oscar Mceller, Hamburg, Germany, Barometer. 

S. H. Cawley, Troy, Ohio, Fifth Wheel. 

liV. Heister, Cincinnati, Joist Lifter and Fire Escape. 

H. B. Richards, La Grange, Texas, Insect Exterminator. 

W. N. Sterner, Cincinnati, Road Cart. 

G. E. Eggert, Argo, N. C, Door Mat. 

G. W. Rhynearson, Cincinnati, Shutter Fastener. 

Arthur Porter, Galena, 111., Lawn Mower. 

B. Schroeder, Cincinnati, Dumping Wagon. 
O. C. Pratt, Tampico, Mexico, Seal Lock. 

F. J; Melvin, Shiawassee, Mich., Road Cart. 

C. E. Michaud, Yamaska, Canada. Car Coupling. 
C. H. Simmons, Munford, Ala., House Anchor. 
John J. Graf, Cincinnati, Wash Stand. 

Hazen & Hildreth, Cincinnati, Bicycle Brake. 

Kroness & Wuest, Cincinnati, Washing Machine. 

W. H. Babcock, Arlington, Iowa, Corn Planter. 

John Wallace, Redbank, Ohio, Return Postal. 

C. H. Th. Claus, St. Louis, Mo., Wardrobe. 

Patrick McDermott, Memphis, Tenn., Keys for Pulleys. 

Samuel H. Grimes, Moscow, Ohio, Window Shade Exhibitor, 

Mrs. Alice E, Mendenhall, Visalia, Ky,, Milk Vessel. 

Wendell Maus, Cincinnati, Elevator Gate. 

William Wright, Willink, N. Y., Car Coupler. 

Thomas H. Mooney, Covington, Ky., Coffin. 

E. M. Childs, Cincinnati, Advertising Cabinets. 

C. E. Bromwell, Cincinnati, Car Starter and Propeller, 

Charles Wetzel, Newport, Ky,, Folding Bed. 

A. R, Cusick, Allendale, 111,, Lock. „ 
William W. Bell, Valley Springs, Dak.. Buckle. 
Sarah A. Perry, Ripley, Ohio. Pencil Holder. 

J. C, Winsor, Viroqua, Wis,, Extension Ladder, 

Frank J. Hall, Rushville, Ind., Tile Kiln. 

S. T, Werley, Keokuk, Iowa, Fifth Wheel. 

Charles F. Filson, Point Pleasant, W. Va., Gutter Box for Tinners. 

W. H. Bruning, Madison, Ind., Coffee Roaster. • 

William Gray, Three Rivers, Mich., Paper Stock Drainers. 

Edward B. Elrod, Flora, 111., Foot Warmer, Lantern and Heater. 

George W. Coddington, Middletown, Ohio, Tools for Glass Jars. 

William Wild, Cincinnati, Pump, 

Rev, B, J. M, Menge, Cincinnati, Lamp, 

E. H. Williams, Dayton, O., Automatic Fire Extinguishing Acid Bottle. 

Daniel Lambert, Centreville, Mass., Dish Basin. 

Morris Seidell, Harrison, Ark., Egg Case, 

O. H. McKeldin, Louisville, Ky., Spindle Bearing. 

Robert Bigney, Copleston, Ont., Canada, Car Coupler. 

Wilson & Black, Bradford, Pa., Sucker Rod, 

E. Humbrecht, Cincinnati, Bicycle, 
Bourbon Current, Paris, Ky., Coffin Case, 

M, A, Farrell, New River, Tenn,, Furnace Attachment, 

C B. Saunders, Columbia, Mo,, Dish Washer, 

Geprge Feldkamp, Cincinnati, High Chair. 

Frank T. Foster, Cincinnati, Awning, 

J. Lawson, Denver, Colo,, Lawn Sprinkler. 

F. W. Martin, Eau Claire, Wis., Chair. 

B. F. Ellis, Honey Grove, Texas, Farm Gate, 

Synvita Co., Delphos, O., Remedies in Solid Form for Bronchial Diseases, 

William Weiand, New Bremen, Ohio, Hair Spring Regulator, 

A, S, Neal, Richmond, Texas, Car Coupler. 

M. Wilson, Honey Grove, Texas, Water Heater and Purifier. 



46 THE inventor's MANUAL. 

Joseph Von Driska, Cincinnati, Vehicle Spring. 
' John S. Edge, Bryan, Texas, Machine for Building Fences. 

A. W. Tipton, Topeka, Kansas, Coal Box. 

F. & V. Becker, Cincinnati, Baling Press (Two Patents). 
P. Dunbar, Cincinnati, Ironing Table and Clothes Drier. 
C. H.' Scholle, Cincinnati, Cigar Lighter. 

B. R. Deverall, Cincinnati, Cans (Two Patents). 
S. Hawker, Cincinnati, Bed Bottom. 

A. W. Koch, Cincinnati, Desk. 

F. Henry, Cincinnati, Egg Beater. 

S. Gosdorfer, Cincinnati, Pants. 

J. Krueger, Cincinnati, Toy Horse and Cradle. 

George S. Graf, Cincinnati, Veneering Machine. 

C. H. Kuhn, Cincinnati, Wood Filler. 

Martha A. IliflE, Cincinnati, Guides for Pen Holders. 

J. G. Wallace, Cincinnati, Envelope. 

Adkins & Bogenschutz, Cincinnati, Buggy Valance. 

Lewis & Brice, Cincinnati, Galvanic Battery. 

C E. Lecount, Cincinnati, Benzine Can. 

Dr. S. E. Hyndman, Cincinnati, Cosmetic Glove. 

Ed. W. Cox, Cincinnati, Cord Fastener. 

M. J. Somers, Cincinnati, Sash Fastener. 

Hak & Woodworth, Cincinnati, Cigar Table. 

Ross Forward, Cincinnati, Grain Scale, Car Coupler. 

Mrs. I. Hillen, Cincinnati, Stirrup. 

P. J. Welch, Cincinnati, Rheumatism Medicine. 

J. C. Pennington, Cincinnati, Planer Attachment. 

R. C. Nicholas, Cincinnati, Wardrobe. 

George Berkmyer, Cincinnati, Safe. 

T. J. Meierdirck, Cincinnati, Potato Digger. 

J. Cunninghain, Cincinnati, Hog Hoist. 

J. H. Caine, Jr., Cincinnati, Elevated Railway. 

J. B. Ford, Buena Vista, Miss., Muzzle. 

Wm. H. Fuller, Cincinnati, Combined Cane and Pan. 

C. E. Frick, Cincinnati, Lathe Attachment for Turning Rings. 

J. M. Nolan, Cincinnati, Press Attachment. 

C. F. Moellman, Cincinnati, Device for Tinting Sketches. 

B. Roux, Cincinnati, Stove Pipe Shelf. 
M. V. Bavis, Linwood, Ohio, Lathe Head. 
L. E. Ransom, Bryan. Ohio, Bed Bottom. 

S. H. Walz, Three Rivers, Mich., Hand Car. * 

B. F. Fowler, Eau Claire, Wis., Grain Separator. 

W. M. Curry, Morning Sun, Ohio, Thill Coupling. 

Lifallen & Pairen, Carroll, Ohio, Tug Link. 

J. Thomas, Galveston, Ind., Grain Scale. 

T. J. Muller, Lockland, Ohio, Screw Cutting Device. 

W. P. Myer, Terre Haute, Ind,, Elevator Bucket. 

J. F. A. Mumm, Newport, Ky., Toy Cap Exploder. 

A. G. Rogers, Lathrop, Mo., Hay Rake and Loader. 

M. W. Manar, Dayton, Ohio, Window Frame and Sash 

E. V. Heaford, Covington, Ky.,Sash Fastener, Door Check. 

Stockwell & Davis, Covington, Ky., Fruit and Vegetable Cutter. 

Dr. S. D. Spence, Ludlow Grove, Ohio, Appliance for Horses' Hoofs. 

J. Baker, Lebanon, Ohio, Shoe Box Indicator. 

H. S. Bradley, Gainesville, Ga., Compost. 

J. F. Dodds, Martinsburg, Ohio, Envelope. 

S. R. Holt, Worthington, Ohio, Bridge Truss. 

J. E. Morgan; Paducah, Ky., Bee Hive. 

W. C. C. Rouse, Florence X Roads, Ky., Railway Gate. 

AND Hundreds of Others 




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